In this review, an overview was given of the mutual interactions between nematodes and fungi of the genus Trichoderma sp. due to the potential of these fungi to protect plant roots from plant-parasitic nematodes on the one hand and the influence of nematodes (fungivores) on the efficacy of the fungus on the other. In addition, an overview of the advantages of Trichoderma sp. for agricultural production was given. The basis of sustainable agricultural production is the healthy functioning of the soil ecosystem. The diversity of organisms—bacteria, protozoa, algae, metazoans (nematodes) and fungi—improves the quality and performance of the soil by maintaining biological productivity. Root exudates in the rhizosphere support microbial communities that play a key role in regulating the dynamics of organic matter decomposition and the availability of plant nutrients. The microbial activity of organisms in the soil is interconnected and interacts to form a soil food web that reflects the condition, function and health of the soil. The energy in food webs flows through trophic chains of consumers, which are divided into energy channels. Root, bacterial and fungal channels increase soil biomass, carbon (C) and energy flow through the soil food web. The structure of the nematode community is an effective tool for the biological assessment of soil quality. This is due to a number of characteristics that nematodes have, including the following: a great diversity of species, the possibility of subdivision according to different criteria such as trophic groups and c-p groups, the duration of reproduction, the ease of sampling, the identification of genera and preservation, etc. Nematodes are involved in various ecological functions in the soil, of which the interaction between them and fungi is based on antagonism or mutualism, which is the basis for a better understanding of their impact on the ecosystem. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma sp. are successful colonizers of all habitats, secondary opportunists and fast growing.

Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne belong to the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes and also to the most important plant pests that can cause significant economic losses in crop production. They are poly phagous,...

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is enriched with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Application of PAW in plant cultivation demonstrated that RONS promote seed germination and early plant growth, as well as stimulate plant defense mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to investigate the potential of reactive nitrogen species in PAW to partially replace urea fertilizer nitrogen in lettuce cultivation without resulting in a negative effect on growth and mineral composition. Lettuce was grown under two treatments: urea only and a combined treatment in which 10% of the urea-derived nitrogen was replaced by an equivalent amount of nitrogen supplied via plasma-activated water (PAW). Plant growth parameters of lettuce (number of leaves, head weight, rosette diameter and height, and dry matter weight) were measured. Concentrations of 21 elements in the plants were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP—OES). Results showed no significant difference in growth parameters between the two treatments, as well as no significant difference between treatments in the concentrations of most elements except magnesium, boron and sodium. The results demonstrate that PAW reactive nitrogen can partially substitute for nitrogen from synthetic fertilizer without negative effects on the growth and nutritional content of lettuce. The study contributes to the development of sustainable horticultural fertilization practices and the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the genus Meloidogyne spp., are among the most economically important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, causing significant economic losses through yield reduction across a wide range of crops. In Croatia, although the presence of Meloidogyne spp. has been documented for decades, data at the species level was limited. As accurate identification is crucial for implementation of effective management strategies, we attempted to fill this gap. This study presents the results of a national survey of RKNs affecting potato crops as well as an early warning programme targeting vegetable crops, conducted across Croatia between 2022 and 2024. Nematodes were identified using morphological analyses (female perineal patterns and second-stage juveniles) and molecular methods (PCR with group-specific and species-specific primers, as well as DNA sequencing). Meloidogyne spp. were detected in 61 out of 210 samples, corresponding to an infestation rate of 29%. Four species were identified: M. incognita, M. hapla, M. arenaria, and M. javanica. Notably, M. incognita and M. javanica are reported here for the first time in Croatia. These results provide updated insights into the distribution and identity of RKNs in Croatia, thereby establishing a foundation for the implementation of sustainable management strategies.

Regenerative agriculture is oriented around restoring soil health through natural processes. In this context, soil biota plays a central role, and bioinoculation represents a potentially effective approach for targeted modification of microbial communities. Among beneficial microorganisms, Trichoderma atroviride is prominent for its biocontrol agent (BCA) activity against plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), whereas its effects on free-living nematodes (FLNs) under in vivo conditions remain insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to assess the response of nematode communities to bioinoculation with T. atroviride as an indicator of soil functional status. A three-year field study was conducted in organic olive orchards at Vodnjan and Nadin on four autochthonous olive cultivars, applying two inoculum doses of T. atroviride: 1 × 10⁶ spores mL⁻¹ (LD) and 1 × 10⁸ spores mL⁻¹ (HD). Bioinoculation increased the diversity of the soil nematode communities at both locations. However, the responses differed between the two inoculum doses. Both doses were associated with an increased abundance of FLNs and a reduced abundance of herbivorous nematodes relative to the control, with LD showing a more consistent and ecologically favourable effect. In combination with biotic and abiotic factors, the LD dose was associated with greater trophic diversity and a more structured soil food web, whereas increasing the inoculum concentration (HD) did not result in additional functional improvement.

Ekološki uzgoj povrća temelji se na zaštiti i ishrani biljaka organskim preparatima. Rajčica je jedna od najvažnijih uzgajanih povrtnica na našem području. Za ovo istraživanje rajčica je posađena na otovorenom, praćen je razvoj Phytophthora infestans te je utvrđen utjecaj vermikompostnog čaja na intenzitet bolesti, broj i masu plodova. U pokusu su ispitani tretmani: tretiranje rajčice vermikompostnim čajem zalijevanjem tla (Vz), zalijevanje tla i prskanje nadzemnog dijela biljke (Vz+Vp), tretiranje fungicidom Penncozeb 75 DG (F) i kontrola (K) bez primjene vermikompostnog čaja ili fungicida. Plamenjača se javila u slabijem intenzitetu, a indeks bolesti kretao se od 0,04 (Vz+Vp) do 0,08 u kontroli (K). Najveći prosječan broj plodova utvrđen je u tretmanu Vz+Vp, a statistički najmanji u kontroli (K). Tretman Vz+Vp pokazuje i statistički najbolji utjecaj na masu plodova, zatim ga slijede tretmani Vz i F, što potvrđuje pozitivan utjecan vermikompostnog čaja u odnosu na netretiranu rajčicu.