Presently, there has been an increase in the consumption of the blue–green microalga–spirulina (Arthrospira species), which dominates 99.5% of the total world production of microalgae. Primarily sold as a dietary supplement, it is also incorporated into snacks, pasta, cookies, and bread. Owing to its nutrient abundance, spirulina has a variety of potential applications. Extensive studies have been conducted on the health benefits of spirulina, but its safety in terms of allergy has received limited attention. Therefore, to bridge this knowledge deficit, this review aimed to evaluate the allergenic and antiallergic potential of spirulina. In the PubMed and Scopus databases using words related to allergy, we attempted to detect papers on hypersensitivity to spirulina. A total of 128 records were identified, of which 49 were screened. Ultimately, in this review, we analyzed four case studies, encompassing a total of five patients with allergies to spirulina. We assessed the severity of allergic reactions following World Allergy Organization (WAO) Anaphylaxis Guidance 2020, which varied from mild (grade 2) to severe (grade 4) based on the patient’s symptoms. Additionally, our findings indicate that allergy to spirulina is not commonly reported or diagnosed. However, most of the described cases (four of five) regarding allergy to spirulina according to WAO Anaphylaxis Guidance 2020 were classified as anaphylaxis. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that spirulina also possesses antiallergic properties, as evidenced by research studies. Our article delves into both the allergic and antiallergic potential of spirulina.

Introduction: Mental health is a critical component of overall well-being, shaping daily functioning and resilience. Amid rising stress and the increasing prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, interventions that enhance psychological well-being are of growing interest, including physical activity. Running, as an accessible and cost-effective exercise, has been associated with mood improvement, stress reduction, and decreased risk of mental health disorders. Despite robust evidence of its benefits, individual differences and potential limitations in psychological responses to running remain underexplored. This review synthesizes recent research on the physiological and psychological mechanisms linking running to mental health, highlighting its impact on stress, depressive symptoms, and overall well-being. Understanding these multidimensional effects can inform tailored, evidence-based strategies for promoting mental health through running. Methods: This review synthesizes recent literature (2015–2025) on running and mental health. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted using keywords including "running," "mental health," "depression," and "psychological well-being." All relevant studies were considered to provide an inclusive overview of current evidence. Aim of The Study: The aim of this perspective review is to synthesize and critically evaluate current research on the effects of running on mental health as documented in the recent literature. Conclusion: Running constitutes a multidimensional activity with both beneficial and potentially adverse effects on mental health. Evidence supports its role in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms, enhancing mood, cognitive function, and self-efficacy. Effective use of running as a mental health intervention requires consideration of individual differences in motivation, personality, and emotional state, alongside strategies to balance physical exertion with psychological well-being and prevent burnout. Future research should adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating psychology, physiology, and public health, to elucidate mechanisms underlying these effects. Such insights can inform personalized and sustainable training recommendations, promoting both physical performance and long-term psychological well-being.

Objective: This review examines the prevalence, causes, and health impacts of social jetlag (SJL), a chronic circadian misalignment arising from mismatches between biological sleep-wake timing and socially imposed schedules. It synthesizes contemporary knowledge on SJL’s epidemiology, measurement, biological mechanisms, and public health relevance. Background: SJL has become increasingly common among adolescents and shift workers, driven by factors such as early school start times, rotating work shifts, and increased nighttime digital screen use. These influences disrupt regular sleep patterns, resulting in persistent conflicts with endogenous circadian rhythms. Methods: A narrative review was conducted including peer-reviewed studies from 2015 to 2025, with one foundational exception (Wittmann et al., 2006). Databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were included based on relevance to SJL, circadian misalignment, and health outcomes in humans. Results: Literature indicates SJL is linked to elevated cardiometabolic risks, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and systemic inflammation. In adolescents and young adults, SJL is also associated with poor sleep quality, increased daytime sleepiness, and higher depressive symptom rates. Objective measures, like actigraphy and biomarkers, support these findings. Social and institutional timing structures are modifiable contributors to SJL. Discussion: SJL is a measurable and harmful circadian disruption with short-term effects such as fatigue and cognitive impairments and long-term impacts including metabolic and mental health disorders. Despite evidence growth, longitudinal and intervention research remains limited, hindering population-level mitigation strategies. Conclusion: SJL is a common, modifiable circadian health issue linked to broad physiological and psychological risks. Interventions like delaying school starts and chronotype-personalized shift schedules could alleviate SJL’s burden and improve long-term public health.

Introduction and objective: Edwards Syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is the second most common autosomal trisomy following Down Syndrome. This chromosomal disorder is characterized by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 18, in contrast to the usual two. The condition is associated with a wide spectrum of severe congenital anomalies, significant developmental delays, and a high rate of fetal loss and infant mortality. Therefore, a comprehensive synthesis of these associated developmental anomalies is crucial for accurate prenatal counseling, clinical guidance, and postnatal management. The primary objective of this comprehensive review is to systematically identify, collate, and synthesize the existing literature regarding the range and prevalence of congenital heart defects in children diagnosed with Edwards Syndrome. Recognizing that cardiac anomalies are a cardinal feature and a leading cause of mortality in this condition, this review aims to provide a detailed, evidence-based overview of these specific manifestations. Ultimately, this focused analysis seeks to enhance clinical understanding of the cardiovascular complications in Edwards Syndrome and inform targeted management strategies. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) is characterized by a high burden of congenital anomalies, with cardiac defects affecting the vast majority of patients and serving as a primary determinant of survival. Historically regarded as a uniformly lethal condition requiring only palliative care, the clinical perspective is evolving. Recent data indicate that cardiac interventions may offer survival benefits, challenging traditional non-interventional paradigms and necessitating an updated understanding of the cardiovascular phenotype. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed by searching major biomedical databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Elicit) using a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, including "Edwards Syndrome" and "congenital abnormalities." Inclusion criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles such as case series, observational studies, and systematic reviews. Data extraction focused on the types, frequency, and systemic impact of anomalies, as well as postnatal developmental outcomes. The collected data were then synthesized to create a comprehensive syndrome profile. Conclusions: The clinical paradigm for Edwards Syndrome is shifting from a uniform designation of lethality toward a personalized, multidisciplinary model. Accurate prenatal diagnosis via fetal echocardiography is essential for early risk stratification. Contemporary management requires a balanced approach integrating palliative care with the option of active cardiac intervention. Consequently, parental counseling must emphasize shared decision-making, providing families with evidence-based data on potential surgical outcomes to optimize the quality of life for the affected child.

Introduction: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a prevalent inflammatory dermatosis with substantial psychosocial burden. Diet can modulate AV via insulin/IGF-1/mTORC1 signalling, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress, yet many patients self-modify diet without structured guidance. Aim: To synthesise how key dietary patterns and components influence acne biology and clinical severity, and to distil pragmatic counselling points. Materials and Methods: Structured analysis of PubMed (2020–2025) using “acne” AND “diet.” A broad range of study types was considered. Priority was given to evidence on AV in populations without comorbid conditions (e.g., PCOS). The synthesis focused on dietary patterns and specific food groups; studies centred primarily on vitamins, supplements, or the microbiome were not the focus. Results: Glycaemic load (GL) is a key modifiable driver. Low-GL patterns show the strongest clinical signal and are directly actionable. Higher intake of sugary drinks, sweet snacks, and refined grains aligns with greater acne burden, consistent with insulin–mTORC1 activation. Mediterranean-style eating associates with lower severity and favourable metabolic markers. Plant-forward diets appear beneficial when emphasising whole-food, low-GL choices; veganism per se and routine gluten-free eating lack support without specific indications. Dark chocolate may aggravate lesions in some individuals through non-glycaemic mechanisms. Dairy may warrant cautious, personalised reduction while maintaining micronutrient adequacy. Shifting fat quality toward MUFA/omega-3s and away from saturated fat aligns with lower inflammatory burden. Conclusions: Dietary counselling should complement dermatological therapy. Low-GL and Mediterranean-style patterns show the most consistent associations with reduced acne burden; rigorous trials of whole-diet interventions remain needed.

Over the past two decades, climbing has become a sport of rising popularity. It encompasses various types of indoor and outdoor disciplines, including lead climbing, bouldering, and speed climbing. A particularly significant increase in interest was observed after introducing this sport at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Simultaneously, a greater number of climbing-related traumas have occurred. This review aims to improve our comprehension of injury characteristics and to summarize epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention of such injuries. Literature evidence demonstrates that the lower and upper extremities were most frequently affected as opposed to the spine and head (Buzzacott, 2019). Fractures, sprains, and strains accounted for the largest share of injuries. Overuse injuries predominantly involve the upper extremities, while acute traumatic injuries are more frequently sustained in the lower extremities (Lutter, 2020). Due to a lack of standard procedures for evaluating climbing performance, further studies should prioritise the standardization of research methods. Furthermore, developing evidence-based preventive strategies and accounting for diverse risk factors for climbing-related injuries, such as eating disorders and neglecting the warm-up, are crucial to enhancing patient care.