This paper focuses on the creation of an in vitro collection of grapevine hybrids from the breeding program of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture and investigates the presence of Plasmopara viticola resistance mediated by Rpv3 and Rpv12 loci. We looked at the optimization of in vitro establishment using either shoots taken directly from field-grown plants or from budwood cuttings forced indoors. We further screened for the presence of endophyte contamination in the initiated explants and optimized the multiplication stage. Finally, the presence of the resistance loci against P. viticola was studied. The shoots initiated from the field-sourced explants were the more effective method of providing plant sources for in vitro initiation once all plant accessions met the goal of in vitro establishment. The concentration of phytohormones and the acidity of the culture medium have a great effect on the multiplication rate and the quality of in vitro stock cultures. Out of 17 grapevine accessions, 16 showed the presence of single or combined resistance loci against P. viticola. The grapevine accessions identified as carrying Rpv3 and Rpv12 alleles represent important genetic resources for disease resistance breeding programs. These accessions may further contribute to the creation of new elite cultivars of economic interest.

K.R. AISAKULOVA, N.D. SLYAMOVA, A.M. USTEMIROVA, A.A. SEISENOVA, S.ZH. KAZYBAYEVA, S. SKAK, and ZH. MATAI Citation: Aisakulova KR, Slyamova ND, Ustemirova AM, Seisenova AA, Kazybayeva SZh, Skak S, Matai Zh (2023). Organic fertilizer’s role in the improvement of soil microflora and biometric values in fruit crops. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet.

The article shows the improvement of the process of initiation into in vitro the culture and the clonal micropropagation of grape varieties. The optimal culture media for the initiation and cloning of grapes in vitro have been selected. During initiation on Murashige and Skoog, agar medium with ½ or ¾ concentration of macroand micronutrients and hormones (0.5 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA) is optimal. For micropropagation is suitable MS medium modified by some elements of mineral nutrition: 825 mg/l NH4NO3, 166 mg/l CaCl2, 15 mg/l ferrum chelate; best hormonal composition depends on variety: a) 0.5-1 mg/l BAP and 0.1-0.5 mg/l IBA; b) 0.5 mg/l 2-iP and 0.5 mg/l GA3.

The intensification of viniculture involves the organization of the virus-tested planting material production, establishment of the basic parent plantings, certification of the virus-tested planting material with the control of genetic stability of the grape plants propagated in tissue culture. The modified nutritional medium was developed for microclonal propagation of vine in vitro with the content of the free amino acids: glycine and glutamine, increasing propagation factor up to 15% and the number of nodes on microplant up to 27%.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) production is increasingly threatened by fungal diseases under conditions of intensive horticulture and ongoing climate change. In southeastern Kazakhstan, symptoms associated with Alternaria spp. have become more frequent in commercial orchards; however, molecularly confirmed data on the pathogen associated with these symptoms remain limited. This study aimed to identify, using multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis, an Alternaria isolate obtained from infected apple leaves and fruits, to confirm its pathogenicity experimentally, and to compare the susceptibility of apple cultivars to this pathogen. For molecular identification, nucleotide sequences of four genetic markers—the ITS region of rDNA, SSU, tef1-α, and RPB2—were obtained by PCR and sequencing. The sequences were compared with reference data from the GenBank database using BLASTn, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred using the maximum likelihood method based on a concatenated dataset of the four loci. The isolate KZ17 clustered within the A. alternata clade, with the broader node uniting this group with A. gossypina and A. longipes receiving a bootstrap value of 78%. A total of 20 fungal isolates were obtained from 112 symptomatic apple leaf and fruit samples. Among them, one representative isolate, KZ17, was selected for multilocus molecular identification and pathogenicity testing. The pathogenicity of isolate KZ17 was confirmed in inoculation experiments on apple microshoots under controlled conditions. Artificial inoculation of detached leaves and ripe fruits of 14 apple cultivars revealed significant cultivar-dependent differences in susceptibility. Lesion diameters ranged from 12.3 ± 0.20 to 19.2 ± 0.35 mm on detached leaves and from 15.0 ± 1.2 to 30.0 ± 2.4 mm on ripe fruits. The least susceptible cultivars were ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Zaman’, and ‘Maksat’, whereas ‘Voskhod’, ‘Saltanat’, and ‘Kamila’ showed the greatest susceptibility. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). This study provides the first multigene-based confirmation of the association of A. alternata with apple leaf and fruit lesions in southeastern Kazakhstan and demonstrates cultivar-dependent differences in susceptibility to this pathogen. These findings contribute to improved pathogen diagnostics, germplasm screening for resistance, and the development of plant protection strategies for commercial apple orchards.

В статье представлены общие результаты исследований 15 сортов яблони казахстанской селекции, которая проводилась на базе ТОО «КазНИИПО» в Региональном филиале «Талгар» Талгарского района Алматинской области. Цель работы - на основе изучения биологического потенциала продуктивности сортов яблони выделить наиболее ценные по комплексу признаков для дальнейшего использования в селекции. Объекты исследования сорта казахстанской селекции, созданные в Казахском научно исследовательском институте плодоовощеводства. Для достижения необходимого уровня производства плодов ученым совместно с производственниками необходимо решить ряд проблем, среди которых важнейшей является оптимизация сортимента плодовых и ягодных культур, путем создания новых конкурентоспособных сортов, отвечающих всем современным требованиям интенсивного садоводства. В данный опыт включены как новые сорта яблони, включенные в Государственный реестр, так и новые перспективные сорта казахстанской селекции. При изучении большинство новых перспективных сортов обладают комплексной устойчивостью к мучнистой росе и парше. По урожайности выделены сорта Анель, Егемен, Айжан, Макпал, Максат, Айзере, Нурсат, Подарок, Нуртазиной, Коктобе, урожайность этих сортов составляет 190-260 ц/га. В данной статье приведены данные изучения размер плода, вкусовые качества, привлекательность и хозяйственно-ценные признаки плодов. В результате исследований выделены сорта яблони Анель, Айжан, Асыл-Айым, Назгум, Дамира, Егемен, Подарок Нуртазиной, Нурсат, Максат устойчивые и иммунные к мучнистой росе, парше. К показателям скороплодности, продуктивности, товарным и потребительским качеством плодов выделены сорта яблони Айзере, Анель, Айжан, Даналык, Даурен, Камила, Егемен Максат, Нурсат, Подарок Нуртазиной, Коктобе, Назгум. Данные сорта рекомендуются для включения в селекционный процесс, как источник ценных признаков.