In lower rate, Li ⁺ have enough time to insert into the graphitic layer, the capacity of graphite primarily determined by σ _e . However, with increasing rate, Li ⁺ insertion/extraction will become more difficult, making σ _Li become the mainly factor.

Fe₂O₃ accelerates the polycondensation of asphalt molecules, consumes the excessive H and breaks the intact carbon layer, which weakened the π–π interactions, finally enhances the formation of amorphous carbon.

TiO₂-Al₂O₃ supports with different incorporation methods of titania were synthesized via three methods: impregnation (TA-I), co-precipitation (TA-CP), and co-precipitation–hydrothermal treatment (TA-HT). And the NiMoP catalysts prepared on the corresponding supports were evaluated for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions. The results demonstrated that the Ti atoms in TA-I are attached to alumina through hydroxyl groups, while the Ti atoms in TA-CP and TA-HT can be dispersed in the alumina skeleton. Variations in the incorporation modes of TiO₂ affect the support properties, consequently influencing the nature of the active metal on the supports. The Ti atoms dispersed in the Al₂O₃ skeleton allow an increase in the basic hydroxyl groups. Meanwhile, TiO₂ in TA-CP and TA-HT can absorb hydrogen molecules and be partially reduced. Furthermore, metal species supported on the TA-CP and TA-HT are more easily reduced and better dispersed. For the NiMoP catalysts prepared with TA-CP and TA-HT, the Ti element promotes the sulfidation degree of Mo, besides shortening the average (Ni)MoS₂ slab. The catalysts prepared with TA-CP exhibited superior activity for 4,6-DMDBT hydrodesulfurization. This can be ascribed not only to the relatively high sulfidation degree of Mo and proportion of the NiMoS active phase but also to the well-dispersed (Ni)MoS₂ slabs. Moreover, the Ti⁴⁺ ions dispersed in the Al₂O₃ skeleton can be partially reduced to act as electron donors, enhancing the metallic character of the S layers in MoS₂, which facilitates the improvement of the hydrogenation desulfurization activity.

为了减少温室气体排放，扩大航煤的原料来源，生物航煤制备技术的开发受到许多国家的重视. 中国石油化工股份有限公司（简称中国石化）开发出了适应多种原料的生物航煤制备技术，该技术以多种生物质油脂为原料，采用加氢法生产生物航煤. 针对不同的产品需求，可有不同的产品方案，如最大量生产生物航煤方案，生物航煤兼顾生物柴油方案. 以动植物油脂为原料，生物航煤质量收率为35%~45%，生物航煤的冰点可达-48 ℃以下，同时还有7%~11%的柴油馏分和23%~29%的石脑油馏分. 中国石化已在工业装置上生产出了符合ASTM D7566-11标准的生物航煤产品，并成功进行了试飞.

To reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and broade the raw material sources of jet fuel, many countries have accelerated the development of bio-jet fuel. The technology for producing bio-jet fuel by hydrotreating vegetable oils or animal fat has been developed by SINOPEC, which contains different processing routes to produce bio-jet fuel and bio-diesel to meet the market demands, such as the route of producing bio-jet fuel maximally, and the route of producing bio-jet fuel and bio-diesel at one time. Relative to vegetable oil or animal fat, the final yield of bio-jet fuel with freezing point lower than -48 ℃ can reach to 35%-45%, the yield of diesel is 7%-11%, and the yield of naphtha is 23%-29%. The bio-jet fuel product fitting for the standard of ASTM D7566-11 has been produced by SINOPEC in an industrial unit, which was successful in the flight-test.

The development of efficient, low-cost hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalysts is essential for converting renewable lipids into sustainable aviation fuels. Here, we report a series of sulfided bimetallic NiFe/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts and systematically investigate the promotional role of Fe in the HDO of methyl decanoate, a model lipid compound. Using complementary characterization together with fixed-bed reactor kinetic measurements, we elucidate the influence of the Ni/Fe ratio on catalyst structure, sulfidation behavior, electronic properties, and reaction pathway. Fe incorporation promotes Ni sulfidation and induces electron transfer from Fe to Ni, as directly evidenced by a red shift in the CO stretching frequency (from 2094 cm⁻¹ for Ni-only to 2090 cm⁻¹ for NiFe), indicating increased electron density on Ni sites and enhanced π-backdonation. Among the catalysts tested, N5F5 (Ni/Fe mass ratio = 1:1) exhibits the highest Ni sulfidation degree, the highest turnover frequency (32.1 h⁻¹), and the lowest apparent activation energy (E_a ≈ 92 kJ/mol). At 360 °C, it achieves 52.9% methyl decanoate conversion, far exceeding that of monometallic Ni and Fe catalysts. Product selectivity analysis reveals that sulfided Ni sites predominantly promote the decarboxylation/decarbonylation (DCOx) pathway, whereas Fe sites contribute only marginally to direct deoxygenation (DDO). This work provides the first direct spectroscopic evidence for Fe-to-Ni electron transfer in sulfided NiFe catalysts and establishes a clear structure-performance correlation, offering a rational design strategy for low-cost, high-performance HDO catalysts for lipid upgrading.