This article introduces an innovative design method for public lighting systems that surpasses the limitations of conventional approaches, which rely on predefined lamp characteristics and spatial arrangements. By employing a linear additive model to solve a multi-criteria decision model, our study proposes an optimal design methodology considering several key aspects, including the distance between lamps, their type, power, and light distribution. The goal is to achieve optimal illumination that enhances visibility on public roads for drivers and pedestrians while simultaneously minimizing glare and installation costs and maximizing energy efficiency. The proposed methodology is implemented through an algorithm developed in MATLAB R2023b, with results validated through simulations in DIALux evo 12.0. This information is used to construct a decision matrix, assessed using the CRITIC method across 180 different scenarios within a specific case study. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of multi-criteria decision-making as a tool for significantly improving the planning and design of lighting in public illumination systems, allowing for selecting the optimal combination of parameters that ensure the best lighting conditions.

This article introduces an innovative design method for public lighting systems that surpasses the limitations of conventional approaches, which rely on predefined lamp characteristics and spatial arrangement. By employing a multi-criteria decision algorithm, our study proposes an optimal design methodology considering several key aspects, including the distance between lamps, their type, power, and light distribution. The goal is to achieve optimal illumination that enhances visibility on public roads for drivers and pedestrians while simultaneously minimizing glare, installation costs and maximizing energy efficiency. The proposed methodology is implemented through an algorithm developed in Matlab, with results validated through simulations in Dialux. This information is used to construct a decision matrix, assessed using the CRITIC method across 180 different scenarios within a specific case study. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of multi-criteria decision-making as a tool for significantly improving the planning and design of lighting in public illumination systems, allowing for selecting the optimal combination of parameters that ensure the best lighting conditions.

This paper evaluates the open and closed loop DC-DC converter operation within a DC coupling multilevel inverter architecture to obtain an infinite level stepped sinusoidal voltage. Adding a cascade controller to the DC-DC converter should reduce the settling time and increase the number of levels in the output voltage waveform, it could decrease the speed error and phase shift concerning the sinusoidal reference signal. The proposed methodology consists of implementing an experimental multilevel inverter with DC coupling, through a single-phase bridge inverter energized from a BUCK converter, trigger signals for the two converters are obtained from a control circuit based in an ATMEGA644P microcontroller, and a digital controller is also implemented to evaluate the operation of the BUCK converter in open and closed loop and observe its influence in the stepped sinusoidal output voltage. The evaluation is performed to energize a resistive load with common output voltage in multilevel inverters, that is 3, 5, 7, 11, and infinity levels. Results show that during the design stage, fast dynamic elements, like the storage capacitor, can be used to obtain a minimum THD because the settling time is sufficiently fast and the speed error remains small and there isn’t a need for a controller. A digital controller requires processing time and although in theory, it can reduce the settling time to a minimum, the processor introduces latency in the control signals generation, producing the opposite effect. Controller complexity of the digital controller must be considered because it increases processing time and influences the efficiency of the closed-loop operation.

This paper evaluates the open- and closed-loop DC–DC converter operation within a DC coupling multilevel inverter architecture to obtain an infinite-level stepped sinusoidal voltage. Adding a cascade controller to the DC–DC converter should reduce the settling time and increase the number of levels in the output voltage waveform; it could decrease the speed error and phase shift concerning the sinusoidal reference signal. The proposed methodology consists of implementing an experimental multilevel inverter with DC coupling through a single-phase bridge inverter energized from a BUCK converter. Trigger signals for the two converters are obtained from a control circuit based in an ATMEGA644P microcontroller to explore its capabilities in power electronics applications. A digital controller is also implemented to evaluate the operation of the BUCK converter in open and closed loop and observe its influence in the stepped sinusoidal output voltage. The evaluation is performed to energize a resistive load with common output voltage in multilevel inverters, i.e., 3, 5, 7, 11, and infinity levels. Results show that during the design stage, fast dynamic elements, like the storage capacitor, can be used to obtain a minimum THD because the settling time is sufficiently fast, the speed error remains small, and there is no need for a controller. A digital controller requires processing time, and although in theory it can reduce the settling time to a minimum, the processor introduces latency in the control signals generation, producing the opposite effect. Controller complexity of the digital controller must be considered because it increases processing time and influences the efficiency of the closed-loop operation.

This paper presents the development of an energization system prototype for IoT sensor nodes using Peltier cells as energy harvesters; its operation is optimized by applying a maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) to capture as much electrical energy as possible, even if the cell temperature conditions have variations. In the IoT sensor node, a power management algorithm that works in accordance with the measurement and transmission operations can extend the node operating time, to obtain a greater amount of information and reducing the need for battery maintenance. The proposed methodology consists of developing an energization system, as well as the IoT sensor node. The energization system consists of a block of Peltier cells to obtain up to 4 V, a SEPIC-type DC-DC converter, and a 3.7 V lithium battery for energy storage. The converter works in a closed loop with the MPPT algorithm and delivers a voltage that guarantees the maximum power transfer to the battery. The sensor node was developed based on the ESP8266 development board, it allows data acquisition of temperature, humidity, light intensity, presence, and sound. The node transmits this information to the Ubidots platform for real-time visualization; to take advantage of its processing capacity, MPPT and energy management algorithms are also implemented. The results showed that to obtain a minimum voltage of 3.3 V in the energization system, a temperature difference of $59\pm 1$ °C between the plates of the Peltier cells is required. The MPPT algorithm allows working at the maximum power point and keeps the power delivered to the battery stable, with small transients when the information is transmitted; however, the overshoot and the settling time are reduced and do not affect the node operation.