SUMMARY ABSTRACT The COVID-19 infection that started in the Wuhan Province of the People's Republic of China and has now spread throughout the world is not limited to the respiratory system, but also causes other systemic symptoms through viremia. Recent data show that the central and peripheral nervous system involvement is particularly substantial. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the current neurological comorbidities and symptoms of patients with COVID-19 who were followed up by our clinic physicians.

Background: Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative movement disorder. It causes a decrease and deceleration in movements. It may also lead to loss of bone mineral density, vitamin D deficiency, falls and fractures due to various factors. As indicated in our study, determining the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in IPD is important to determine complications. Methods: Thirty patients with IPD and 30 age-matched control subjects were included in the study. The bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the participants were taken from the lumbar spine (L1-4) and double femur regions using the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry device. Serum 25 (OH) vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, osteocalcin, prolidase and urine hydroxyproline levels were measured. Results: The femur total BMD and serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were lower in the patients with IPD than in the control group (p > 0.05). The serum prolidase and urinary hydroxyproline levels were higher in the IPD group relative to the control group (p < 0.05). The frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia was significantly higher in the IPD group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with Parkinson's disease tend to have lower vitamin D levels than those with a similar age without Parkinson's disease. Vitamin D levels are usually associated with BMD in people with Parkinson's disease, but administering vitamin D does not improve BMD. Cross-sectional studies suggest a correlation between vitamin D levels and the severity of symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Decreased exposure to sunlight due to immobilisation and reduced vitamin D intake by diet may lead to vitamin D deficiency and low BMD. There is a negative correlation among the duration of disease, disease severity, number of falls, parathormone level and serum vitamin D level in people with Parkinson's disease. Consequently, vitamin D levels may be low in Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, patients with Parkinson's disease should be checked for vitamin D and osteoporosis by considering the risk of hip fracture, fall from a height and high risk of osteoporosis.

Aim: Many studies have showed that myalgia is a common onset symptom in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the frequency of muscle pain in patients followed with COVID-19 diagnosis, and to investigate the relationship between muscle pain and creatine kinase (CK), pH, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Material and Methods: One hundred ten patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in our hospital were included retrospectively in this study. Presence of myalgia at the time of admission and on the 14th day of control were investigated. The first admission laboratory findings, 3rd day CK values and 14th day control CK values of all patients were recorded retrospectively from their files. Results: The study included 110 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Fifty patients (45.5%) had muscle pain at the time of admission, and it was one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints. High CK results were obtained in 48 (43.6%) of the 110 patients at the time of admission. Thirty-two (66.7%) of 48 patients with high CK had muscle pain (p

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroimmunological disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuroaxonal loss within the central nerv

Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons. Upper motor neuron signs include spasticity and hyperreflexia, while lower motor neuron signs include weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations. Because of these signs, ALS can be confused with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), syringomyelia, and similar diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with CSM or syringomyelia after initially being referred with suspected ALS. Materials and Methods: Ten patients referred to our neurology clinic between January 2018 and June 2020, with a preliminary diagnosis of ALS, were evaluated. Those patients later diagnosed with CSM or syringomyelia after neurological examination, including electromyography (EMG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were included in the study. Results: Ten patients (mean age 65.6 years) were analysed. Thenar and hypothenar atrophy was observed in 8 patients (80%). EMG revealed fasciculations and subacute denervation in cervical myotomes in all patients; 1patietnt had lumbar involvement. EMG of rectus abdominis and genioglossus muscles was normal. Thenar and hypothenar atrophy, fasciculation, and denervation in cervical and lumbar myotomes on EMG are similar to ALS signs. A normal rectus abdominis and genioglossus muscle EMG excludes the diagnosis of ALS. Conclusions: CSM and syringomyelia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ALS. A detailed history, neurological examination, EMG, and MRI are essential for diagnostic accuracy.

OBJECTIVE: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is frequently accompanied by psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and disordered eating behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the association between RLS severity, depression, anxiety, and the risk of eating disorders. MATERIALS and METHODS: This retrospective study included 72 patients diagnosed with RLS and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Depression, anxiety, and eating behaviors were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), respectively. Demographic data and scale scores were compared between groups. Depression and anxiety severity categories were also analyzed.RESULTS: BDI and BAI scores were significantly higher in the RLS group compared with the control group (p=0.008 and p=0.001, respectively). Mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms were more common among RLS patients. Anxiety severity was also markedly higher in the patient group, with severe anxiety observed in 37.5% of patients compared with 9.1% of controls. Although EAT-40 scores and the frequency of eating disorder risk were higher in the RLS group, the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.267). BMI was slightly higher in the patient group but did not reach statistical significance.CONCLUSION: RLS is associated with significantly increased levels of depression and anxiety, highlighting a substantial neuropsychiatric burden in affected individuals. Although disordered eating tendencies appeared more common in RLS patients, further studies with larger samples are needed to clarify this relationship. Integrating psychiatric evaluation into the routine management of RLS may improve clinical outcomes and overall quality of life.