This article explores the fatigue characteristics of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing technology. ABS is frequently used as a polymeric thermoplastic material in open-source FFF machines for a variety of engineering applications. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties and execution of FFF-processed ABS components is necessary. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the fatigue behavior of ABS components manufactured using FFF AM technology. The primary target of this study is to evaluate the results of part-build directions and build orientation angles on the tensile fatigue behavior exhibited by ABS material. To obtain this target, an empirical investigation was carried out to assess the influence of building angles and orientation on the fatigue characteristics of ABS components produced using FFF. The test samples were printed in three distinct directions, including Upright, On Edge, and Flat, and with varying orientation angles ([0°, 90°], [15°, 75°], [30°, 60°], [45°]), using a 50% filling density. The empirical data suggest that, at each printing angle, the On-Edge building orientation sample exhibited the most prolonged vibrational duration before fracturing. In this investigation, we found that the On-Edge printing direction significantly outperformed the other orientations in fatigue life under cyclic loading with 1592 loading cycles when printed with an orientation angle of 15°–75°. The number of loading cycles was 290 and 39 when printed with the same orientation angle for the Flat and Upright printing directions, respectively. This result underscores the importance of orientation in the mechanical performance of FFF-manufactured ABS materials. These findings enhance our comprehension of the influence exerted by building orientation and building angles on the fatigue properties of FFF-produced test samples. Moreover, the research outcomes supply informative perspectives on the selection of building direction and building orientation angles for the design of 3D-printed thermoplastic components intended for fatigue cyclic-loading applications.

Human–Robot Collaboration (HRC) has emerged as a fundamental element of new industrial and service systems, wherein humans and robots function within common physical and cognitive environments to achieve shared goals. In addition to traditional issues of safety and productivity, trust has become a critical element influencing cooperation efficiency, human dependence, and sustained system acceptability. This review offers a thorough and reliability-focused summary of HRC research, highlighting the significance of explainable intelligence and adaptive control in promoting trustworthy collaboration. The study initially identifies trust as a fundamental design target in HRC, delineating its dynamic, multifaceted characteristics and its impact on human decision-making and interaction behavior. A systematic review methodology is employed to analyze cutting-edge approaches across essential dimensions, including trust modeling and estimation, multimodal human state and intention recognition, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques, and adaptive and learning-based control architectures. The analysis emphasizes the role of transparency, interpretability, and context-aware adaptation in establishing trust calibration within safety-critical and dynamic collaborative environments. A cross-sectional synthesis of the literature reveals several critical gaps, including the lack of standardized trust evaluation metrics, limited integration of explainability and control adaptation, inadequate consideration of long-term trust dynamics, and insufficient validation in real-world, unstructured environments. The analysis closes by delineating potential research avenues for cohesive, human-centered HRC frameworks that effortlessly incorporate trust modeling, explainable decision-making, and adaptive control. The ideas offered seek to inform the creation of advanced collaborative robots that are safe, efficient, transparent, adaptive, and trustworthy.

The function of severe plastic deformation (SPD) rate during equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the aluminum alloy 6030 are experimentally investigated. ECAP was carried out at room temperature onto refining grain size for Al- 6030 of square cross-section specimens. The tests show that, for decreasing the rate of strain from 0.016 to 0.0023 s-1, the improvement in the hardness increases gradually until the highest value is reached at the rate of strain 0.004 s-1and decreases after that gradually. The percentage improvement in the hardness is around 68 % at the rate of strain 0.004 s-1. The ECAP process improves the yield strength of aluminum alloy 6030 by 222 % on average at the rate of strain 0.004 s-1. Also, for decreasing the rate of strain from 0.016 to 0.0023 s-1 the thermal conductivity increases gradually to the maximum value 137.5 W/m° K at rate of strain 0.004 s-1and decrease after that gradually. The ECAP process improves the thermal conductivity by 4.88 % for the rate of strain 0.004 s-1 as compared to the case without ECAP process. From the present experimental results, the optimum rate of strain is 0.004 s-1 to obtain the optimal thermal and mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy 6030 during the ECAP processing.

The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method is used in this work to treat the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. As the most promising severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) has received extensive research in recent years. Hardness test, compression test, electrical conductivity, and surface studies were used to look into how an ultra-fine grained (UFG) industrial aluminum alloy that was made by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for one pass strengthened its mechanical characteristics and electrical conductivity. the product has been annealed for three hours at 4150C, Experimental research is done to determine how aluminum alloy 7075's electrical conductivity and material characteristics are impacted by the rate of severe plastic deformation (SPD) during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). According to the results, the ECAP will increase compressive strength from 145 to 295.5 N/mm2 at the same strain in 0.016 seconds after one pass, Hardness increases progressively until 295.5 N/mm2 is reached as its highest value, then it gradually decreases. The percentage increase in hardness was 50.9% at a strain rate of 0.016s-1. ECAP method is frequently used to raise the yield strength of the aluminium alloy 7075 by 204 % while simultaneously reducing the rate of strain at a compressive strength of 145 N/mm2 from 0.016 to 0.008s-1. With just one pass, IACS of the alloy as received and after Escaping both showed an improvement in electrical conductivity from 30.8% to 43.5%. , ECAP increases electrical conductivity by 29.2% with a strain rate of 0.016s-1.