This study provides an in-depth analysis of how key macro trade determinants affect renewable energy consumption in MINT economies (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey) over the period from 1995 to 2022. By applying the energy bundle theory as a guiding framework, we investigate the influence of factors such as trade balance, trade reserves, exchange rate, population, and labor force participation rate on trade openness (TOPEN) and its connection to renewable energy consumption (REC). Advanced econometric techniques, including Step-wise regression, fully modified least squares, pooled ordinary least squares and fix effect methods, are used to assess the dynamics of these relationships. Granger causality and Pedroni co-integration tests reveal both short- and long-term interactions between trade factors and renewable energy consumption. The results indicate that trade balance, trade reserves, and labor force participation have a significant positive effect on renewable energy consumption, while exchange rates and population growth show a negative impact. Although no reciprocal relationship between trade reserves and renewable energy consumption is found, unidirectional influences are identified between renewable energy consumption and other trade determinants, specifically trade balance, exchange rate, population, and labor force participation, underscoring the distinctive economic interactions within MINT economies.This study emphasizes that trade balance, trade reserves, and labor force participation significantly enhance renewable energy consumption in MINT economies. It advises policymakers to stabilize exchange rates and address population growth due to their adverse effects.

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the impact of macro trade determinants on carbon dioxide emissions within Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies spanning from 1995 to 2022. Specifically, it explores this influence through the theoretical frameworks of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Advanced econometric methods, including stepwise regression employing the fully modified least square method and Pool ordinary least square method, are utilized in this research. Granger causality and Johnson cointegration tests are employed to assess both long- and short-term dynamics. The findings reveal that macro trade factors such as total investment, trade reserves, per capita income, and net inflow of foreign direct investment exhibit significant associations with carbon dioxide emissions across both short and long-term timeframes. Particularly noteworthy is the positive and statistically significant impact of per capita income, total investment, foreign direct investment, and gross national savings on CO2 emissions. In contrast, trade reserves demonstrate a significant and negative impact on greenhouse gas emissions.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the empirical link between governance, environmental quality, and trade as it relates to foreign direct investment in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam for the period ranging from 1996 to 2022. Mixed order of integration (0 and 1) was discovered after applying four panel unit tests (IPS-W stat, ADF- Fisher, PP-Fisher, and LLC t). The Kao Residual Co-integration test was carried out to determine whether there was co-integration among the variables of the study. The results of the test demonstrated that some variables are, in fact, co-integrated during the investigation. The findings of unit root tests reveal the use of Panel ARDL, and the results demonstrate that governance has a positive overall effect on FDI. This is because tightening the control of corruption, improving regulatory quality, and strengthening the rule of law are all contributing to an increase in FDI in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The study concluded that there is a link between a negative opinion of the efficacy of the government and foreign direct investment; however, this association did not reach the level of statistical significance required to be considered significant. To encourage FDI, trade also provides access to natural resources as the free flow of raw materials and intermediate goods is being supported by the initiatives connected to the promotion of FDI, which is made possible through trade.

This study offers a multidimensional solution to mitigate the risk raised due to oil price volatility for navigating investments within the Russian financial landscape. This study assesses spillover effects between crypto assets and traditional financial assets encompassing equities, bonds, precious metals, foreign currency reserves, and crude oil prices. It adopts a significant temporal perspective to assess the potential ramifications of various financial crises, including global health crises and regional conflicts, on oil prices. Utilizing a daily frequency dataset spanning from January 1, 2018, to December 30, 2023, this study investigates the contagion effects of financial crises across normal, bullish, and bearish market conditions. It introduces oil price shocks for the first time to effectively gauge the impact of exogenous shocks on both crypto and conventional asset classes. Additionally, the study employs Cross Quantilogram (CQ) and TVP-VAR spillover estimation techniques to examine interconnectedness among the underlined assets. Furthermore, the study utilizes the quantile wavelet coherence estimation model to unveil volatility patterns, laying the groundwork for hypotheses related to diversification, hedging, and safe-haven investment strategies among the assets. The findings underscore the effectiveness of crypto assets in diversifying risk and serving as a hedge, particularly evident during crises, leading to heightened volatility. Conversely, government-owned bonds exhibit the lowest resilience to external shocks. Moreover, the dynamic interconnectedness among assets provides guidance to investors for implementing the proposed hypotheses that underscores the importance of prudent asset allocation policies for risk management, optimizing portfolio utilization.

Economic growth plays a vital and instrumental role in the economic development of any country. Still, on the other side, it is also one of the important causes of environmental degradation. The increase in carbon emissions is one of the fundamental reasons for climate change and global warming. Japan’s global economic and technological leadership, combined with its ambitious carbon neutrality goals by 2050, makes it a compelling case for understanding the interplay between economic growth, renewable energy adoption, and carbon emissions. We took annual time series data for the dependent variable as Carbon Emissions and explanatory variables as Gross Domestic Product and Renewable Energy for the period ranging from 1990 to 2020. We applied the Autoregressive Distributed Lags Bounds test to gauge the long-run relationship between the variables; the empirical findings revealed the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables of the model. GDP has a significant positive impact on carbon emissions whereas renewable energy has a significant negative impact on carbon emissions. Furthermore, we also found renewable energy is unidirectional causing CO2. Based on these findings, we recommend targeted policies to reduce carbon emissions, including stricter regulations for high-emission industries and expanded investments in renewable energy infrastructure. These measures will support Japan's path to carbon neutrality while fostering sustainable economic growth.

Digital currencies are impacting the financial lives of people and countries around the world; particularly developing countries see the retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) as an opportunity to increase financial inclusion and introduce new monetary policy implementation mechanisms. The decision to launch a digital currency mainly depends upon the goals and objectives being set by the Central Bank of any respective country. Digital currencies help to implement monetary policy more effectively to achieve the financial system stability. Kazakhstan is the leading economy in the Commonwealth of Independent States region; the digital payments market is changing rapidly in Kazakhstan, being driven by fintech innovations and public investments in payment technologies. In this article, we thoroughly discussed how launching of “Digital Tenge” is promoting financial inclusion and strengthening the monetary regulations across Kazakhstan. We took the case of Kazakhstan because it’s the first country from Central Asia which took the initiative of launching digital currency, and the National Bank of Kazakhstan has already announced that implementation of “Digital Tenge” would be completed in Kazakhstan by the end of 2025. The implementation of a “Digital Tenge” as a CBDC in Kazakhstan would expand the range of financial services being available to the nation. Having direct authority over the digital currency will empower the National Bank of Kazakhstan to adopt more efficient monetary policy, exerting influence over interest rates, money supply, and general economic stability. Furthermore, by providing digital financial services to marginalized communities, the digital Tenge would also help to solve the difficulties of financial inclusion in Kazakhstan. The article provides the possible policy routes for the governments of developing countries and the financial regulators about adopting CBDCs for promoting financial inclusion and to strengthen the monetary regulations.