Purpose: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignancy with an aggressive course derived from the cells of pancreatic tissue. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a state of spontaneous hyperglycemia occurring during gestation and has been suggested as a risk factor PC. Women with a history of GDM revealed a risk rate of 7.1% for the development of PC. The current systematic review aims to investigate the correlation between GDM and the degree to the prevalence of PC. Methodology: For this systematic review, the PICO model was prepared to construct and outline the exact questions of the study, a PRISMA flow diagram was prepared and quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Cohort Studies, the NIH Quality Assessment Tool-Criteria for Case Reports and the Cochrane quality assessment tool for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis studies. Result: A total of eight articles were retrieved from the main databases, and a table was created to summarize the information found. Even though the data found were limited, the quality assessment performed revealed that the articles were of high validity. Conclusions: It can be concluded that GDM has an association with the development of PC and can be considered as a risk factor.

Purpose: Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is a serious mental health illness affecting women post-parturition. Around 1 in 1000 women are affected by postpartum psychosis, and the symptoms usually appear within 2 weeks after birth. Postpartum mental disorders are classified into 3 main categories starting from the least to most severe types, including baby blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, genetic and epigenetic factors associated with postpartum psychosis are discussed. A PRISMA flow diagram was followed, and the following databases were used as main sources: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Additional information was retrieved from external sources and organizations. The time period for the articles extracted was 5 years. Results: Initially, a total of 2379 articled were found. After the stated criteria were applied, 58 articles were identified along with 20 articles from additional sources, which were then narrowed down to a final total of 29 articles. Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is an association between PPP and genetic and epigenetic risk factors. However, based on the data retrieved and examined, the association was found to be greater for genetic factors. Additionally, the presence of bipolar disorder and disruption of the circadian cycle played a crucial role in the development of PPP.

Background: Fungal infections can pose great threat to sight. Immediate treatment is usually required; antifungal agents are widely accepted and are effective in most cases. The present experimental study aims to investigate the probable effects of intravitreal injection of antifungal agents on the structure and mechanical properties of the surface of peripheral blood erythrocytes. Methods: Nine albino New Zealand white rabbits, aged five months old, were chosen for the experiment. Solutions of micafungin, voriconazole, or balanced salt solution (BSS) were injected into the midvitreous. Animals were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Blood sampling from an intravenous (IV) line was performed after 10 days from the last IV injection. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the structural and mechanical properties of cell surfaces. Results: The analysis results showed that the parameters of the cytoskeleton’s spatial organization changed insignificantly with the antifungal drug treatment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that locally administered antifungal drugs can cause significant changes to the structure and frictional properties of the erythrocyte surface. These effects occur in the long-term period after administration of the drugs and represent a potential possibility for violation of blood supply to tissues, and the further development of negative side effects.

Background/Objectives: Open fetal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) requires profound and sustained uterine relaxation to permit hysterotomy and to prevent preterm labor after closure. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) has become the cornerstone postoperative tocolytic across North American fetal therapy centers, combined with volatile anesthetic-induced intraoperative tocolysis, indomethacin, and/or nifedipine. We synthesize the evidence on the mechanism, dosing, maternal safety, fetal/neonatal effects, and comparative performance of MgSO₄ as the core tocolytic in open fetal MMC repair. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of primary studies, consensus statements, and society guidelines published between 2010 and 2024, identified through PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, society repositories (ACOG, SMFM, SPA, NAFTNet, and SOAP), and indexed proceedings of the International Fetal Medicine and Surgery Society. The search strategy, eligibility criteria, and selection process are reported and each contributing source was assigned a level of evidence adapted from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine hierarchy, so that randomized and meta-analytic data were distinguished throughout from case series, pharmacokinetic work, mechanistic studies, and consensus documents. Results: Across the MOMS cohort and post-MOMS series, the standard regimen is a 4–6 g intravenous loading dose followed by 1–3 g/h infusion for 24–48 h, layered on perioperative indomethacin and intraoperative volatile tocolysis. MgSO₄ provides effective myometrial quiescence and is associated with pulmonary edema in ~5–6% of mothers, near-universal lethargy and electrolyte disturbance, occasional high-grade atrioventricular block, transient neonatal hypotonia, and reduced fetal heart-rate variability. The neuroprotective effect of magnesium (cerebral palsy RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54–0.87) is Level 1 but indirect: it was demonstrated in trials in which magnesium was given when preterm birth was planned or expected within approximately 24 h, and it cannot be assumed to persist when the 24–48 h perioperative course precedes delivery by several weeks, as it does after repair at 19–26 weeks with delivery at a mean of 34 weeks. In this population, neuroprotection, therefore, depends on a repeat course administered when preterm birth becomes imminent rather than on the operative infusion itself. Atosiban achieves comparable short-term tocolysis with minimal maternal adverse effects and has no intrinsic neuroprotective action; because neuroprotection in this setting requires magnesium re-administration close to delivery in any case, this difference is a smaller discriminator between the two agents than previously assumed. Conclusions: MgSO₄ remains the de facto standard postoperative tocolytic for open fetal MMC repair based on the strength of MOMS-era protocols and accumulated safety experience, supported by the availability of a neuroprotective regimen using the same agent should preterm birth threaten. This rationale rests predominantly on Level 4–5 evidence within the fetal surgery population itself. The optimal dose, duration, timing of initiation, and head-to-head performance against atosiban remain unresolved and warrant a multicenter randomized comparison. Because the species that crosses the placenta and mediates both tocolysis and neuroprotection is the free Mg²⁺ ion, the sulfate anion being a pharmacologically inert counter-ion, fetal exposure is determined by the maternal ionized-magnesium profile rather than by the salt administered. Only parenteral magnesium can reach tocolytic concentrations, and oral organic preparations such as magnesium glycinate cannot substitute for intravenous MgSO₄ or reduce pulmonary edema, which is driven by magnesium exposure and fluid balance and is mitigated by concentrated infusions, strict fluid restriction, the shortest effective duration, and avoidance of co-tocolytics.

Craniomaxillofacial and cranial vault reconstruction remains limited by donor-site morbidity, infection, inadequate vascularization, incomplete osseointegration, and poor adaptation of conventional grafts to complex patient-specific anatomy. Nanomaterial-based therapies offer a translationally attractive strategy because nanoscale hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphates, mesoporous silica, msetallic nanoparticles, bioactive glasses, polymeric carriers, injectable nanocomposite hydrogels, extracellular vesicle-inspired systems, and nanostructured coatings can simultaneously modulate osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immune response, antimicrobial activity, mechanical reinforcement, and controlled release. This review synthesizes recent evidence on nanomaterial-enabled bone regeneration for craniomaxillofacial and cranial vault reconstruction, with emphasis on the pathway from in vitro mechanisms to animal models, additive manufacturing, patient-specific implants, and early clinical translation. The strongest near-clinical evidence currently supports 3D-printed calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite-based patient-specific scaffolds, while immunomodulatory, bioprinted, injectable, and drug-delivering nanocomposites remain largely preclinical. Growth-factor-independent strategies based on ionic signaling, dipyridamole-enhanced adenosine signaling, nanosilicate-mediated osteogenesis, Wnt/beta-catenin mechan transduction, and nanoparticle-mediated osteimmunomodulation may reduce reliance on recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins. However, large-animal validation, long-term biodistribution, nanotoxicology, sterilization, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory classification remain major barriers. Future clinical translation will require rational scaffold design, anatomical indication-specific testing, antimicrobial integration, and harmonized regulatory evidence packages.

Ocular toxicity induced by cisplatin appears to be almost irreversible, while trace elements have been shown to be protective in retinal angiopathies, degenerative or inflammatory conditions. A total of 60 Wistar rats were used in which administration of cisplatin intraperitoneally and of selenium and zinc nanoparticles, both per os and intraperitoneally, were performed. Retinal tissues were studied with TEM and optical microscopy. The results showed reduced tissue lesions in the trace element administration groups compared to the cisplatin administration group concluding that trace elements in the form of nanoparticles can achieve better tissue penetration for the treatment of cisplatin-induced ocular toxicity.