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Julia A. Stegemann
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), University of College London (UCL), Chadwick Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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Review
Published: 27 March 2021 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Zinc (Zn) in sludges from neutralisation of acidic emissions is a potential environmental pollutant and an element of interest for recovery. Findings regarding the elemental and mineralogical composition of such wastes were aggregated from the literature and examined together for a better understanding of management options, with a focus on Zn. Zn concentrations ranged from 0.006-22% in 46 acid mine drainage sludges, 0.009%-43% in 72 metal-finishing sludges, 0.024%-11.5% in 32 pyrometallurgical sludges, and 1.71-55.7% in 14 Zn production sludges. The main mineralogical characterization technique was X-ray diffraction, which found the dominant minerals to be calcite, gypsum, quartz, and iron oxides, but could not identify considerable proportions of amorphous phases. More than 60 mineral phases were observed. Crystalline Zn compounds identified included oxides, hydroxides, sulfates, sulfides, and metallic Zn; spinel, olivine and carbonate dominated in pyrometallurgical sludges. Zn may also be present in crystalline phases of low concentration, solid solution, and/or amorphous phases, which could be identified and characterised in more detail using other techniques. Overall, it is concluded that Zn occurs in high concentrations and includes phases that have high potential environmental mobility. Zn recovery seems feasible and would also enable harmless disposal of the residual.

ACS Style

Dan Ting Chen; Wing Yin Au; Stijn van Ewijk; Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. Elemental and mineralogical composition of metal-bearing neutralisation sludges, and zinc speciation – A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 416, 125676 .

AMA Style

Dan Ting Chen, Wing Yin Au, Stijn van Ewijk, Amitava Roy, Julia A. Stegemann. Elemental and mineralogical composition of metal-bearing neutralisation sludges, and zinc speciation – A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 416 ():125676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Ting Chen; Wing Yin Au; Stijn van Ewijk; Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. 2021. "Elemental and mineralogical composition of metal-bearing neutralisation sludges, and zinc speciation – A review." Journal of Hazardous Materials 416, no. : 125676.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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Meat and bone meal (MBM) ash was characterized and used for phosphate wastewater treatment and phosphorus recovery. The bottom ash (MBM-BA) with size >250 µm accounted for ~80% and distributed evenly in the >1000 µm, 500–1000 µm, and 250–500 µm fractions, while air pollution control residue (MBM-APCr) distributed evenly among the 250–500 µm, 125–250 µm, and 1000 µm and 8 was favorable to P removal. Based on the compositions of the solid phases, extracts before and after treatment, and Ca/P ratio 1.22–1.73, the phosphate removal mechanisms were dominated by HAP crystallization/precipitation. Using MBM-BA for wastewater treatment increased its P content to 16.30%. Depending on particle size, the acid consumption for P recovery of 84% from MBM-BA was 2.6–3.0 mM H+/mM P. Strategies for management and utilization of MBMA according to these findings were proposed.

ACS Style

Lijian Leng; Weijin Zhang; Hailong Li; Anna A. Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Huajun Huang. The impact of the particle size of meat and bone meal (MBM) incineration ash on phosphate precipitation and phosphorus recovery. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 105247 .

AMA Style

Lijian Leng, Weijin Zhang, Hailong Li, Anna A. Bogush, Julia A. Stegemann, Huajun Huang. The impact of the particle size of meat and bone meal (MBM) incineration ash on phosphate precipitation and phosphorus recovery. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021; 9 (3):105247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lijian Leng; Weijin Zhang; Hailong Li; Anna A. Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Huajun Huang. 2021. "The impact of the particle size of meat and bone meal (MBM) incineration ash on phosphate precipitation and phosphorus recovery." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 3: 105247.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Waste Management
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Waste management historically focused on the protection of human health and the natural environment from the impacts of littering and dispersion of pollutants. An additional and more recent concern is the resource value of waste. Our analysis shows that the regulatory concept of waste in the European Union, which comprises environmental principles, the legal definition of waste, legal requirements, and policy implementation, is not fit for addressing this concern. The legal definition of waste overlooks the context of waste, fails to consider the interests of the waste user as opposed to the waste holder, and aims to control the impacts of careless discarding rather than stimulating careful discarding. To address these challenges, we suggest a legal requirement to recognise the potential of waste to be used, operationalised by formulating a waste use potential, which expresses how and how much waste can be used as a resource, given enabling conditions. Recognition of waste use potential highlights local opportunities for reuse and recovery, reduces the likelihood of careless discarding, and reveals the interests of possible waste users to the waste holder. The waste use potential may be employed in the formulation and evaluation of policies for industrial and municipal solid waste in a circular economy.

ACS Style

Stijn van Ewijk; Julia A. Stegemann. Recognising waste use potential to achieve a circular economy. Waste Management 2020, 105, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Stijn van Ewijk, Julia A. Stegemann. Recognising waste use potential to achieve a circular economy. Waste Management. 2020; 105 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stijn van Ewijk; Julia A. Stegemann. 2020. "Recognising waste use potential to achieve a circular economy." Waste Management 105, no. : 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Co-processing of industrial wastes as alternative raw materials in cement manufacture is an example of industrial symbiosis for improved material resource efficiency. Since co-processing introduces impurities from wastes, such as air pollution control residue (APCR) from municipal solid waste combustion, into the cement kiln, a better understanding of their environmental impacts and effects on cement manufacturing and quality is needed. Portland cement clinkers containing 5–35% raw or 5–34% washed APCR were prepared, with formation of all typical minerals, but with effects on clinkering reactions, and increased 2CaO·SiO2 and decreased 3CaO·SiO2 and 3CaO·Al2O3. Raw APCR affected the shape of the 2CaO·SiO2 and 3CaO·SiO2 grains, and cement paste from clinker made with 35% APCR exhibited negligible 28d strength. Pastes from the clinkers with lower contents of APCR or washed APCR had strengths that were lower than that of the control at 7d, similar at 28d (∼90 MPa) and higher at 6 m (up to 120 MPa), consistent with their 2CaO·SiO2 and 3CaO·SiO2 contents. Utilization of minerals in APCR thus comes with a trade-off against cement quality. Volatilisation of S, Cl, Pb was reduced by washing, which fully eliminated volatilisation of Zn. Zn was found mainly in the interstitial phases of the clinker, in solid solution in 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 or 3CaO·Al2O3. Further investigation is required to determine whether Zn and other incorporated elements may be released from the cement paste when these phases react with water. APCR co-processing may reduce CO2 emissions by avoiding CaCO3 decomposition, but this is an uncertain benefit, which may be outweighed by the detrimental effects of APCR alkalis, Cl, S and metals on cement production and quality. Life cycle environmental impacts associated with washing, and dispersal of contaminants in the built environment through construction materials, are additional concerns.

ACS Style

Anna A. Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Qizhi Zhou; Zhiyong Wang; Bin Zhang; Tongsheng Zhang; Wensheng Zhang; Jiangxiong Wei. Co-processing of raw and washed air pollution control residues from energy-from-waste facilities in the cement kiln. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 254, 119924 .

AMA Style

Anna A. Bogush, Julia A. Stegemann, Qizhi Zhou, Zhiyong Wang, Bin Zhang, Tongsheng Zhang, Wensheng Zhang, Jiangxiong Wei. Co-processing of raw and washed air pollution control residues from energy-from-waste facilities in the cement kiln. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 254 ():119924.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna A. Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Qizhi Zhou; Zhiyong Wang; Bin Zhang; Tongsheng Zhang; Wensheng Zhang; Jiangxiong Wei. 2020. "Co-processing of raw and washed air pollution control residues from energy-from-waste facilities in the cement kiln." Journal of Cleaner Production 254, no. : 119924.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2019 in Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X
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The existing building stock represents a huge accumulation of physical resources: a material ‘reserve’ that could be mined in the future to improve resource efficiency. However, in the absence of systematically collected information about materials deposited in the built environment, the ability to manage and exploit them is limited. An approach to quantification of material stocks based on the use of secondary data from external research bodies, national statistics and a housing stock management database is used to estimate the timber stock in residential buildings constructed in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets before 1992. Results show a total timber accumulation of almost 67,000 tonnes across 68,000 dwellings, with a material intensity for timber between 20−34 kg/m2 of building floorspace (6.8–11.2 kg/m3 of gross building volume) for terraced houses and 5.4−11 kg/m2 (1.8–3.6 kg/m3) for flats and maisonettes. Generally, there is more timber in floors and roofs, and in older buildings. This method appears to be robust, as it results in comparable timber intensities to those determined using other methods in previous studies. It can be used for other materials and may be useful in other contexts where data is available (i.e., other scales, building types and materials), and capable of contributing to the growing understand of existing buildings as material banks.

ACS Style

Alejandro Romero Perez De Tudela; Colin M. Rose; Julia A. Stegemann. Quantification of material stocks in existing buildings using secondary data—A case study for timber in a London Borough. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 2019, 5, 100027 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Romero Perez De Tudela, Colin M. Rose, Julia A. Stegemann. Quantification of material stocks in existing buildings using secondary data—A case study for timber in a London Borough. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X. 2019; 5 ():100027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Romero Perez De Tudela; Colin M. Rose; Julia A. Stegemann. 2019. "Quantification of material stocks in existing buildings using secondary data—A case study for timber in a London Borough." Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 5, no. : 100027.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Biowastes, such as meat and bone meal (MBM), and poultry litter (PL), are used as energy sources for industrial combustion in the UK. However, the biomass ashes remaining after combustion, which contain nutrients such as phosphorus, are landfilled rather than utilised. To promote their utilisation, biomass ashes from industries were characterised in terms of their elemental and mineral compositions, phosphorus extractability, and pH-dependent leachability. These ashes were highly alkaline (pH as high as 13), and rich in calcium and phosphorus. The P bio-availabilities in the ash evaluated by Olsen's extraction were low. Hydroxyapatite and potassium sodium calcium phosphate were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) as the major phases in the MBM and PL ashes, respectively. The leaching of P, Ca, and many other elements was pH dependent, with considerable increase in leaching below about pH 6. P recovery by acid dissolution (e.g., with H2SO4) seems feasible and promising; the optimized acid consumption for ~90% P recovery could be as low as 3.2–5.3 mol H+/mol P.

ACS Style

Lijian Leng; Anna A. Bogush; Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. Characterisation of ashes from waste biomass power plants and phosphorus recovery. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 690, 573 -583.

AMA Style

Lijian Leng, Anna A. Bogush, Amitava Roy, Julia A. Stegemann. Characterisation of ashes from waste biomass power plants and phosphorus recovery. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 690 ():573-583.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lijian Leng; Anna A. Bogush; Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. 2019. "Characterisation of ashes from waste biomass power plants and phosphorus recovery." Science of The Total Environment 690, no. : 573-583.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2019 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability
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As-built records for existing buildings tend to be poor. Components that make up the existing building stock must be better characterised to prevent them becoming waste. The first record of materials in an existing building is often the waste report, which classifies materials for waste management, and gathers information after the opportunity for higher value reuse of components has passed. Policy at various levels aims to increase reuse, but an understanding of ‘existing buildings as material banks’ (E-BAMB), is a necessary precursor to overcoming other barriers. The article reviews current means of understanding E-BAMB and identifies shortfalls. The analysis leads to the conception of a strategy in which the various approaches are organised as an information system. The future role of technology and mandatory provision of E-BAMB information at planning stage are explored. The proposed system would enable specifiers, manufacturers and academics to assess the wealth of materials that can be reused, repurposed or upcycled in new projects or businesses. This does not guarantee that actual reuse will occur, as financial, technical and legal barriers may remain. However, it creates the context for assessing secondary components against their virgin equivalents, and the enabling conditions for new circular business models.

ACS Style

Colin M Rose; Julia A Stegemann. Characterising existing buildings as material banks (E-BAMB) to enable component reuse. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 2019, 172, 129 -140.

AMA Style

Colin M Rose, Julia A Stegemann. Characterising existing buildings as material banks (E-BAMB) to enable component reuse. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 2019; 172 (3):129-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colin M Rose; Julia A Stegemann. 2019. "Characterising existing buildings as material banks (E-BAMB) to enable component reuse." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 172, no. 3: 129-140.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Sustainability
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The construction industry creates significant volumes of waste timber, much of which has residual quality and value that dissipates in conventional waste management. This research explored the novel concept of reusing secondary timber as feedstock for cross-laminated timber (CLT). If cross-laminated secondary timber (CLST) can replace conventional CLT, structural steel and reinforced concrete in some applications, this constitutes upcycling to displace materials of greater environmental impacts. The fabrication process and mechanical properties of CLST were tested in small-scale laboratory experiments, which showed no significant difference between the compression stiffness and strength of CLST and a control. Finite element modelling suggested that typical minor defects in secondary timber have only a small effect on CLST panel stiffness in compression and bending. Mechanically Jointed Beams Theory calculations to examine the potential impacts of secondary timber ageing on CLST panels found that this has little effect on compression stiffness if only the crosswise lamellae are replaced. Since use of secondary timber to make CLST has a more significant effect on bending stiffness, effective combinations of primary and secondary timber and their appropriate structural applications are proposed. The article concludes with open research questions to advance this concept towards commercial application.

ACS Style

Colin M. Rose; Dan Bergsagel; Thibault Dufresne; Evi Unubreme; Tianyao Lyu; Philippe Duffour; Julia A. Stegemann. Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber: Experimental Testing and Modelling the Effect of Defects and Reduced Feedstock Properties. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4118 .

AMA Style

Colin M. Rose, Dan Bergsagel, Thibault Dufresne, Evi Unubreme, Tianyao Lyu, Philippe Duffour, Julia A. Stegemann. Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber: Experimental Testing and Modelling the Effect of Defects and Reduced Feedstock Properties. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colin M. Rose; Dan Bergsagel; Thibault Dufresne; Evi Unubreme; Tianyao Lyu; Philippe Duffour; Julia A. Stegemann. 2018. "Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber: Experimental Testing and Modelling the Effect of Defects and Reduced Feedstock Properties." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4118.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2018 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Changes in elemental and mineralogical composition, and lead speciation, of air pollution control residue (APCR) from municipal solid waste incineration, due to treatment by water washing, were investigated in this work and are reported in the context of a review of the literature. Water washing was shown to substantially modify the nature of APCR by: 1) removing 23% dry mass soluble salts to disagglomerate particles and significantly reduce concentrations of the associated major elements, and increase concentrations of insoluble matrix elements and potential pollutants; and 2) respeciating elements to form new phases. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) showed that the 500 mg/kg of Pb in raw and washed APCR were comprised mainly of Pb-glass, with some PbSO4, and small amounts of PbO and PbCl2. Semi-quantitative linear combination fitting suggests that the glass in the APCR may be unstable and release Pb under the alkaline pH of water washing, to reprecipitate as PbO. Chemical analysis suggests that some Pb may be removed by washing. Scientific understanding of the composition of raw and washed APCR, and particularly the speciation of potentially toxic metals, such as Zn and Pb, can help in developing effective element recovery and residue treatment, utilization or disposal strategies.

ACS Style

Anna Bogush; J.A. Stegemann; A. Roy. Changes in composition and lead speciation due to water washing of air pollution control residue from municipal waste incineration. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2018, 361, 187 -199.

AMA Style

Anna Bogush, J.A. Stegemann, A. Roy. Changes in composition and lead speciation due to water washing of air pollution control residue from municipal waste incineration. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2018; 361 ():187-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Bogush; J.A. Stegemann; A. Roy. 2018. "Changes in composition and lead speciation due to water washing of air pollution control residue from municipal waste incineration." Journal of Hazardous Materials 361, no. : 187-199.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2018 in Sustainability
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The construction industry uses more resources and produces more waste than any other industrial sector; sustainable development depends on the reduction of both, while providing for a growing global population. The reuse of existing building components could support this goal. However, it is difficult to reclaim components from demolition, and materials remain cheap compared with labour, so new approaches are needed for reuse to be implemented beyond niche projects. This study therefore reviews waste interventions. Multiple case studies, spanning new builds and refurbishment, were undertaken to examine systemic mechanisms that lead to components being discarded. Evidence from fieldwork observations, waste documentation, and interviews indicates that the generators of unwanted components effectively decide their fate, and a failure to identify components in advance, uncertainty over usefulness, the perception of cost and programme risk in reclamation, and the preferential order of the waste hierarchy mean that the decision to discard to waste management goes unchallenged. A triage process is proposed to capture timely information about existing building components to be discarded, make this information visible to a wide community, and determine usefulness by focusing creativity already present in the industry on an exhaustive examination of component reusability and upcyclability.

ACS Style

Colin Rose; Julia Stegemann. From Waste Management to Component Management in the Construction Industry. Sustainability 2018, 10, 229 .

AMA Style

Colin Rose, Julia Stegemann. From Waste Management to Component Management in the Construction Industry. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colin Rose; Julia Stegemann. 2018. "From Waste Management to Component Management in the Construction Industry." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 229.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Quaternary International
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Research at the Maya archaeological site of Marco Gonzalez on Ambergris Caye in Belize is socio-ecological because human activities have been a factor in the formation and fluctuation of the local marine and terrestrial environments over time. The site is one of many on Belize's coast and cayes that exhibit anomalous vegetation and dark-coloured soils. These soils, although sought for cultivation, are not typical ‘Amazonian Dark Earths’ but instead are distinctive to the weathering of carbonate-rich anthropogenic deposits. We tentatively term these location-specific soils as Maya Dark Earths. Our research seeks to quantify the role of human activities in long-term environmental change and to develop strategies, specifically Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), that can be applied to environmental impact modelling today.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Graham; Richard Macphail; Simon Turner; John Crowther; Julia Stegemann; Manuel Arroyo-Kalin; Lindsay Duncan; Richard Whittet; Cristina Rosique; Phillip Austin. The Marco Gonzalez Maya site, Ambergris Caye, Belize: Assessing the impact of human activities by examining diachronic processes at the local scale. Quaternary International 2017, 437, 115 -142.

AMA Style

Elizabeth Graham, Richard Macphail, Simon Turner, John Crowther, Julia Stegemann, Manuel Arroyo-Kalin, Lindsay Duncan, Richard Whittet, Cristina Rosique, Phillip Austin. The Marco Gonzalez Maya site, Ambergris Caye, Belize: Assessing the impact of human activities by examining diachronic processes at the local scale. Quaternary International. 2017; 437 ():115-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Graham; Richard Macphail; Simon Turner; John Crowther; Julia Stegemann; Manuel Arroyo-Kalin; Lindsay Duncan; Richard Whittet; Cristina Rosique; Phillip Austin. 2017. "The Marco Gonzalez Maya site, Ambergris Caye, Belize: Assessing the impact of human activities by examining diachronic processes at the local scale." Quaternary International 437, no. : 115-142.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) is used to decrease environmental leaching of contaminants from industrial wastes. In this study, two industrial metal treatment filtercakes were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR); speciation of nickel was examined by X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopy. Although the degree of carbonation and crystallinity of the two untreated filtercakes differed, α-nickel hydroxide was identified as the primary nickel-containing phase by XRD and nickel K edge XAS. XAS showed that the speciation of nickel in the filtercake was unaltered by treatment with any of five different S/S binder systems. Nickel leaching from the untreated filtercakes and all their stabilized/solidified products, as a function of pH in the acid neutralization capacity test, was essentially complete below pH ∼5, but was 3-4 orders of magnitude lower at pH 8-12. S/S does not respeciate nickel from metal treatment filtercakes and any reduction of nickel leaching by S/S is attributable to pH control and physical mechanisms only. pH-dependent leaching of Cr, Cu and Ni is similar for the wastes and s/s products, except that availability of Cr, Cu and Zn at decreased pH is reduced in matrices containing ground granulated blast furnace slag.

ACS Style

Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. Nickel speciation in cement-stabilized/solidified metal treatment filtercakes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2017, 321, 353 -361.

AMA Style

Amitava Roy, Julia A. Stegemann. Nickel speciation in cement-stabilized/solidified metal treatment filtercakes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017; 321 ():353-361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amitava Roy; Julia A. Stegemann. 2017. "Nickel speciation in cement-stabilized/solidified metal treatment filtercakes." Journal of Hazardous Materials 321, no. : 353-361.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2016 in Archaeology International
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Marco Gonzalez is one of a number of Maya sites on Belize’s coast and cayes (coral islands) that exhibit anomalous vegetation and dark-coloured soils. Like Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs), the soils are sought locally for cultivation and are underlain by anthropogenic deposits. Our research is aimed at assessing the role of the anthropogenic deposits in soil formation processes with a view to developing strategies to quantify the long-term environmental impact of human activities today.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Graham; Richard I. MacPhail; John Crowther; Simon Turner; Julia Stegemann; Manuel Arroyo-Kalin; Lindsay R Duncan; Phillip A. Austin; Richard Whittet; Cristina Rosique. Past and Future Earth: Archaeology and Soil Studies on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Archaeology International 2016, 19, 1 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Graham, Richard I. MacPhail, John Crowther, Simon Turner, Julia Stegemann, Manuel Arroyo-Kalin, Lindsay R Duncan, Phillip A. Austin, Richard Whittet, Cristina Rosique. Past and Future Earth: Archaeology and Soil Studies on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Archaeology International. 2016; 19 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Graham; Richard I. MacPhail; John Crowther; Simon Turner; Julia Stegemann; Manuel Arroyo-Kalin; Lindsay R Duncan; Phillip A. Austin; Richard Whittet; Cristina Rosique. 2016. "Past and Future Earth: Archaeology and Soil Studies on Ambergris Caye, Belize." Archaeology International 19, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2015 in Waste Management
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Air pollution control (APC) residues from energy-from-waste (EfW) are alkaline (corrosive) and contain high concentrations of metals, such as zinc and lead, and soluble salts, such as chlorides and sulphates. The EPA 3050B-extractable concentrations of 66 elements, including critical elements of strategic importance for advanced electronics and energy technologies, were determined in eight APC residues from six UK EfW facilities. The concentrations of Ag (6–15mg/kg) and In (1–13mg/kg), as well as potential pollutants, especially Zn (0.26–0.73wt.%), Pb (0.05–0.2wt.%), As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Sb, Sn and Se were found to be enriched in all APC residues compared to average crustal abundances. Results from a combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and also powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy give an exceptionally full understanding of the mineralogy of these residues, which is discussed in the context of other results in the literature. The present work has shown that the bulk of the crystalline phases present in the investigated APC residues include Ca-based phases, such as CaClxOH2−x, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, and CaO, as well as soluble salts, such as NaCl and KCl. Poorly-crystalline aragonite was identified by FTIR. Sulphur appears to have complex redox speciation, presenting as both anhydrite and hannebachite in some UK EfW APC residues. Hazardous elements (Zn and Pb) were widely associated with soluble Ca- and Cl-bearing phases (e.g. CaClxOH2−x and sylvite), as well as unburnt organic matter and aluminosilicates. Specific metal-bearing minerals were also detected in some samples: e.g., Pb present as cerussite; Zn in gahnite, zincowoodwardite and copper nickel zinc oxide; Cu in tenorite, copper nickel zinc oxide and fedotovite. Aluminium foil pieces were present and abundantly covered by fine phases, particularly in any cracks, probably in the form of Friedel’s salt

ACS Style

Anna Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Ian Wood; Amitava Roy. Element composition and mineralogical characterisation of air pollution control residue from UK energy-from-waste facilities. Waste Management 2015, 36, 119 -129.

AMA Style

Anna Bogush, Julia A. Stegemann, Ian Wood, Amitava Roy. Element composition and mineralogical characterisation of air pollution control residue from UK energy-from-waste facilities. Waste Management. 2015; 36 ():119-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Bogush; Julia A. Stegemann; Ian Wood; Amitava Roy. 2015. "Element composition and mineralogical characterisation of air pollution control residue from UK energy-from-waste facilities." Waste Management 36, no. : 119-129.

Articles
Published: 24 March 2014 in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
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Industrial ecology draws an analogy between industrial activity and natural ecosystems with the inherent implication that, in its ideal form, an industrial ecosystem cycles resources efficiently, with minimization of waste. Industrial symbiosis between the cement and other industries can make a substantial contribution to sustainability. About 3.6 Gt of cement was produced globally in 2011, consuming more than 5 Gt of raw materials and about 11% of total industrial energy, and leading to about 7% of global CO2 emissions. In the same year, global generation of municipal solid waste was estimated at 1.3 Gt, of which about 16% was thermally processed, usually by combustion to generate energy-from-waste (EfW). This equates to about 2.1% of total industrial energy consumption, but would generate about 6 Mtpa of air pollution control (APC) residues. Use of these EfW APC residues in blended cements has been suggested, but they contain soluble toxic elements and are classified as hazardous wastes in most jurisdictions. This paper discusses the effects of incorporating EfW APC residues on the technical performance of blended cements, and on several characteristics of importance for the environmental acceptability of this practice, including (1) total inorganic pollutant concentrations in blended cements, (2) pH-dependent leachability of toxic metal pollutants, e.g. according to BS EN 12457-2, and DD CEN/TS 15364, and (3) diffusion-controlled leaching of monolithic blended cement pastes, e.g. according to EA NEN 7375. Potential pollutants, especially Pb and Zn, but also Cd, Hg, Sb, Sn, and Se, were found to be enriched in EfW APC residues relative to cements. Apart from their potential to pollute the environment, metals in APC residues can affect cement hydration and hardening, and this has been observed. EfW APC residues also contain high levels of several elements that are problematic for quality control of blended cements, notably chloride, which causes steel reinforcement corrosion, and alkalis (Na and K) implicated in the destructive alkali–silica reaction. Although leaching data for both granular and monolithic samples suggest that the mobility of low concentrations of metal pollutants is reduced in cement-based matrices, leachability of chloride remains high and leaching of soluble constituents in APC residues can also be expected to increase paste porosity over time. Furthermore, the literature indicates that pozzolanic or cementing properties of EfW APC residues are not sufficiently strong or reliable to justify their use as a cement replacement, and there is also the potential for components of APC residues to cause other deleterious expansion reactions in cement-based materials. Therefore, industrial ecology cannot solve the problem of management of EfW APC residues through incorporating them in blended cements without radically re-thinking the principle that ‘dilution is not the solution to pollution,’ which underlies much waste...

ACS Style

J.A. Stegemann. The potential role of energy-from-waste air pollution control residues in the industrial ecology of cement. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 2014, 3, 111 -127.

AMA Style

J.A. Stegemann. The potential role of energy-from-waste air pollution control residues in the industrial ecology of cement. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2014; 3 (2):111-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. Stegemann. 2014. "The potential role of energy-from-waste air pollution control residues in the industrial ecology of cement." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 3, no. 2: 111-127.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2009 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Stabilisation/solidification with cementitious or pozzolanic binders (S/S) is an option for reducing leachability of contaminants from residual, predominantly inorganic, industrial wastes and contaminated soils before disposal or reuse. Treatment by S/S is complicated by the fact that the presence of impurities, such as the contaminants and bulk matrix components present in industrial wastes, can have deleterious effects on cements. Therefore, careful laboratory development and testing of S/S formulations are required prior to full-scale application, to avoid technology failures, including problems with handling and contaminant retention. An understanding of cement chemistry and contaminant immobilisation mechanisms has been used to propose a series of test methods and performance thresholds for use in efficient evaluation of the treatability of industrial wastes by S/S, and optimising S/S formulations: measurement of stabilised/solidified product workability, bleeding and setting time (for flowable mixtures) or Proctor compaction (for compactable mixtures), together with unconfined compressive strength, leachability in a batch extraction with distilled water, and hydraulic conductivity.

ACS Style

J.A. Stegemann; Q. Zhou. Screening tests for assessing treatability of inorganic industrial wastes by stabilisation/solidification with cement. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009, 161, 300 -306.

AMA Style

J.A. Stegemann, Q. Zhou. Screening tests for assessing treatability of inorganic industrial wastes by stabilisation/solidification with cement. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 161 (1):300-306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. Stegemann; Q. Zhou. 2009. "Screening tests for assessing treatability of inorganic industrial wastes by stabilisation/solidification with cement." Journal of Hazardous Materials 161, no. 1: 300-306.

Proceedings article
Published: 20 May 2008 in Waste Management and the Environment IV
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ACS Style

J. A. Stegemann; Q. Zhou. Development of process envelopes for cement-based stabilisation/solidification of metal treatment filtercakes. Waste Management and the Environment IV 2008, 109, 21 -30.

AMA Style

J. A. Stegemann, Q. Zhou. Development of process envelopes for cement-based stabilisation/solidification of metal treatment filtercakes. Waste Management and the Environment IV. 2008; 109 ():21-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. A. Stegemann; Q. Zhou. 2008. "Development of process envelopes for cement-based stabilisation/solidification of metal treatment filtercakes." Waste Management and the Environment IV 109, no. : 21-30.