This paper explores the role of agroforestry in sequestering atmospheric carbon in the tropics and subtropics, specifically in the Madhupur Sal forest of Bangladesh. Agroforestry, combining trees with crops on agricultural lands, is recognized for its potential to act as a carbon sink and enhance productivity. The study assesses various agroforestry practices, including acacia–pineapple–turmeric–papaya, acacia–pineapple–ginger–banana, and sal–pineapple–aroid combinations. This study innovatively assessed both the carbon sequestration and economic viability of agroforestry in the Madhupur Sal forest, presenting a sustainable land-use model that balances environmental benefits and farm profitability. The research reveals improved farm productivity in these agroforestry systems, with different tree species sequestering varying amounts of carbon. Acacia species, ranging from 12 to 25 ft in height, sequestered an average of 23.35 lbs/year, while sal species (Shorea robusta), with trees 45 to 61 ft tall, sequestered 49.80 lbs/year on average. Factors such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of leaves, and branches influence carbon sequestration. The paper suggests that the carbon sequestration (CS) potential of agroforestry results in greenhouse gas emission reduction in Bangladesh. By emphasizing the profitability of these practices alongside carbon sequestration, the study encourages the adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable and economically viable strategy.

Particle board is mostly used as alternative to wood at present age to reduce the pressure on solid wood. Different raw materials, mostly woody and non woody materials are used as wood particle and various resins are used as binder. Now-a-days, vegetable wastages are also utilized. This study was conducted to compare the feasibility of using Brown Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern) plant wastage for manufacturing of particleboard. The physical and mechanical properties of brown mustard board were tested to access its quality. The particle board made from brown mustard waste presents good physical and mechanical properties. It was found that the density of brown mustard particleboard was 0.836 gm/cm3, moisture content was 6.95%, water absorption was 37.69 %, thickness swelling was 14.58 %, linear expansion was 0.96%, Modulus of Rupture was 26.39 N/mm2 and Modulus of Elasticity was 2795.64 N/mm2. The physical and the mechanical properties of particle board of brown mustard waste were compared with the properties of market particle boards. Therefore, it can be concluded that brown mustard wastage can be used as alternative raw material for particleboard manufacturing.

Land-use conversion accounts for various modifications in the scope of physical, and geochemical properties of associated components, especially soil properties. Agroforestry is a type of land management system where forestry and agricultural practices are incorporated together to achieve certain land-use management goals with respect to various environmental factors. The microclimatic condition of forest and agroforestry has a definite situation that has the potential to alternate with the change of management practices. Our study aimed to measure the soil’s physical and biogeochemical properties, greenhouse gases (GHG) potential, and nitrogen (N₂) fixation properties of the respective sites during the respective study period. A certain alteration of nitrogen availability through fixation, soil organic carbon due to the availability of a thick debris layer in the forest was observed whereas water-filled pore space varied in different agroforestry and forest sites was determined because of compaction effects of agricultural practices. The presence of trees in the study area showed the trends of resulting differentiation in N₂ fixation and CH₄ emission. Soil microbial biomass created an impact on releasing GHG which is altered by surrounding environmental factors.

This paper explores the role of agroforestry in mitigating climate change by sequestering atmospheric carbon in the tropics and subtropics, specifically in the Madhupur Sal forest of Bangladesh. Agroforestry, combining trees with crops on agricultural lands, is recognized for its potential to act as carbon sinks and enhance productivity. The study assesses various agroforestry practices, including Acacia-Pineapple-Turmeric-Papaya, Acacia-Pineapple-Zinger-Banana, and Sal-Pineapple-Aroid combinations. The research reveals improved farm productivity in these agroforestry systems, with different tree species sequestering varying amounts of carbon. Acacia species, ranging from 12 to 25ft in height, sequestered an average of 23.35 lbs/year, while Sal species (Shorea robusta), with trees 45 to 61ft tall, sequestered 49.80 lbs/year on average. Factors such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of leaves, and branches influence carbon sequestration. The paper suggests integrating the carbon trading system of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with Carbon Sequestration (CS) potential to leverage agroforestry for greenhouse gas emission reduction in Bangladesh. By emphasizing the profitability of these practices alongside carbon sequestration, the study encourages the adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable and economically viable strategy for climate change mitigation.

Agroforestry offers opportunities to combine nature conservation and agricultural economic yield. In the tropics, agroforestry is often implemented in lands derived from the conversion of forest or the utilization of barren land. We assessed the influence of previous land-use practices on stand structures and income generated from different agroforests in Bangladesh’s Sal (Shorea robusta) forest region. The ecological data were collected from the selected plots with various measuring instruments (measuring tape, relascopes, etc.), and the economic data were generated from surveys among the farmers, group discussions, and previous research works in the study area. The tree basal area was high in forest (32.1 m²/ha) and in forest-derived agroforestry plots (25.7 m²/ha). In fallow land, basal area was 7.2 m²/ha and in fallow-derived agroforestry 17 m²/ha. Thus, in tree basal area and other stand structural variables such as canopy cover, a clear pattern with previous land-use was revealed. According to interviews with the farmers, the economic outcome obtained by cultivating pineapple, ginger, and other crops was around 3000 €/ha/year with no statistically significant difference between forest-derived and fallow-derived agroforestry. Our data suggest that tree canopy cover is income-neutral in these agroforestry systems. The findings suggest options for income generation in forests, which in terms of nature conservation would stand for degradation. It underscores the opportunities for agroforestry on former fallow land, which offers win–win solutions for improving human livelihoods and ecosystem restoration.