Our study aimed to clarify the anatomical features of the zygomatic, upper masseteric, lower masseteric and mandibular ligaments and their possible contribution to age-related gravitational ptosis. The study was carried out by the method of layered dissection of fresh cadavers. In several observations, the zygomatic ligament is represented by the fibers originating from the zygomaticus major muscle fibers. It is a true ligament with the fibers inserted directly into the skin. The upper and lower masseteric ligaments originate from the parotideomasseteric fascia and weave into the thickness of the SMAS. The mandibular ligament consists of two connective tissue laminae originating from the parotideomasseteric fascia at the lower edge of the mandible and from the inner surface of this fascia, along the anterior edge of the masseter muscle, skirting the facial vein sheath and the facial artery, traveling toward the platysma and the depressor anguli oris muscle, and merging with their fibers. The zygomatic ligament should be considered an osteo-musculocutaneous ligament, emphasizing the role of the associated zygomaticus major muscle in the mechanism of aging. The upper and lower masseteric and mandibular ligaments are false fascio-SMAS ligaments rather than osteo-cutaneous ones, playing the barrier role and fixing the superficial fascia and the platysma muscle.

Background: The possible involvement of p53 signaling, FGFR3 expression, and FGFR3 mutation rates in the prediction of the NMIBC anti-PD-L1 treatment response needs to be clarified. The main aim of our study was to explore predictive value of p53 expression, FGFR3 expression, and its gene mutation status for the therapeutic success of anti-PD-L1 treatment in the patient-derived murine model of recurrent high-PD-L1(+) GATA3(−)/CR5/6(−) high-grade and low-grade NMIBC. Methods: twenty lines of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of relapsed high-PD-L1(+) double-negative NMIBC were developed, of which 10 lines represented high-grade tumors and the other ones—low-grade bladder cancer. Acceptors of each grade-related branch received specific anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Animals’ survival, tumor-doubling time, and remote metastasis were followed during the post-interventional period. PD-L1, GATA3, CR5/6, and p53 protein expressions in engrafted tumors were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The FGFR3 expression and FGFR3 mutations in codons 248 and 249 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The expression of p53 protein is an independent factor affecting the animals’ survival time [HR = 0.036, p = 0.031] of anti-PD-L1-treated mice with low-grade high-PD-L1(+) double-negative NMIBC PDX. The FGFR3 expression and FGFR3 mutation rate have no impact on the anti-PD-L1 treatment response in the interventional groups. Conclusions: p53 expression may be considered as a prognostic factor for the anti-PD-L1 treatment efficacy of low-grade high-PD-L1-positive GATA3(−)/CR5/6(−)-relapsed noninvasive bladder cancer.

Kidney disease has emerged as a significant global health issue, projected to become the fifth-leading cause of years of life lost by 2040. The kidneys, being highly radiosensitive, are vulnerable to damage from various forms of radiation, including gamma (γ) and X-rays. However, the effects of electron radiation on renal tissues remain poorly understood. Given the localized energy deposition of electron beams, this study seeks to investigate the dose-dependent morphological and molecular changes in the kidneys following electron irradiation, aiming to address the gap in knowledge regarding its impact on renal structures. The primary aim of this study is to conduct a detailed morphological and molecular analysis of the kidneys following localized electron irradiation at different doses, to better understand the dose-dependent effects on renal tissue structure and function in an experimental model. Male Wistar rats (n = 75) were divided into five groups, including a control group and four experimental groups receiving 2, 4, 6, or 8 Gray (Gy) of localized electron irradiation to the kidneys. Biochemical markers of inflammation (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-10 [IL-10], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione [GSH]) were measured, and morphological changes were assessed using histological and immunohistochemical techniques (TUNEL assay, caspase-3). The study revealed a significant dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal tissue damage. Higher doses of irradiation resulted in increased apoptosis, early stages of fibrosis (at high doses), and morphological changes in renal tissue. This study highlights the dose-dependent effects of electrons on renal structures, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the dosage in clinical use to minimize adverse effects on renal function.

This study addresses the cervical part of the vertebral column. Clinical pictures of dystrophic diseases of the cervical part of the vertebral column do not always correspond only to the morphological changes—they may be represented by connective tissue formation and nerve and vessel compression. To find out the possible reason, this morphometric study of the cervical part of the vertebral column in 40 cadavers was performed. CT scans were performed on 17 cadaveric material specimens. A total of 12 histological samples of connective tissue structures located in intervertebral canals (IC) were studied. One such formation, an intracanal ligament (IL) located in the IC, was found. Today, there is no term “intervertebral canal”, nor is there a detailed description of the intervertebral canal in the cervical part of the vertebral column. Cervical intervertebral canals make up five pairs in segments C2–C7. On cadavers, the IC lateral and medial apertures were 0.9–1.5 cm and 0.5–0.9 cm, correspondingly. According to our histological study, the connective tissue structures in the IC are ligaments—IL. According to the presence of these ligaments, ICs were classified into three types. Complete regional anatomy characterization of the IC of the cervical part of the vertebral column with a description of its constituent anatomical elements was provided. The findings demonstrate the need to include the terms “intervertebral canal” and “intervertebral ligament” in the Terminologia anatomica.

ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Изучение вариантной анатомии щечного отростка жирового тела щеки. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ Для исследования отбирали головы мужских и женских трупов. Общее число наблюдений 194 с учетом изучения правой и левой стороны каждой головы, из них 50 голов мужского пола и 47 женского. В соответствии с возрастными периодами развития все объекты исследования распределили на группы «зрелые (второй период)», «пожилой» и «старческий» для дальнейшего анализа зависимости варианта щечного отростка от возраста. Средний возраст исследуемых объектов 71,4 года. Средний рост объектов исследования 169,21 см. Средняя масса тела объектов исследования 74,18 кг. Средний индекс массы тела объектов исследования 25,88 кг/м². На отобранном анатомическом материале выполняли топографо-анатомическое исследование методом послойного препарирования тканей. Анализ данных включал стандартные методы описательной и аналитической статистики. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ Щечный отросток жирового тела щеки обнаружили в 84,02% (n=163) случаев. Значительно деградированный отросток или полное отсутствие такового наблюдали в 15,97% (n=31) случаев. При этом наличие или отсутствие отростка не зависело от пола и возраста или стороны. Выделили 4 варианта структуры щечного отростка. Наиболее распространенным — 76,6% (n=125) наблюдений — был 1-й вариант с округлой формой, инкапсулированный, без добавочных долей. Имеющий добавочную долю, отходящую в латеральном направлении, 2-й вариант встретился в 8,58% (n=14) случаев. Двух- или трехдолевой вариант, при котором отросток разделен соединительнотканными септами на 2—3 полусферы, отнесли к 3-му варианту — 6,74% (n=11). Случаи отростка рыхлой структуры без выраженной капсулы составили 4-й вариант — 7,97% (n=13). ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Впервые определили варианты структуры щечного отростка жирового тела щеки. Установили распространенность того или иного варианта структуры. Выполнили корреляционный анализ влияния факторов возраста, пола, индекса массы тела на структуру щечного отростка жирового тела щеки. Отсутствие корреляционной взаимосвязи варианта щечного отростка жирового тела щеки с полом, возрастной группой, а также индексом массы тела позволяет делать выводы о его относительной независимости. Таким образом, становится возможным выделять и классифицировать отдельные варианты его структуры.

Background. The high prevalence of neck injuries and the complexity of their surgical treatment represent one of the key challenges in modern clinical anatomy and operative surgery. Understanding the external anatomy of the neck plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries.Objective. To systematize and analyze data on external neck landmarks, their classification, and significance in surgical practice, with a particular emphasis on applications in operative and military field surgery.Methods. A comprehensive analysis of historical and contemporary scientific sources on neck anatomy and surgery was conducted. Works ranging from ancient authors (Hippocrates, Vesalius, Leonardo da Vinci) to modern researchers were examined, including studies by domestic scientists (A.P. Samarin, V.N. Shevkunenko, S.N. Delitsyn) and foreign specialists (Monson). Results. A classification of external neck landmarks is presented, dividing them into primary (bone and muscle structures, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle, jugular notch of the sternum, laryngeal cartilages) and secondary (superficial vessels and nerves). Their application in determining anatomical boundaries, localizing wound channels, and performing surgical interventions is described. The importance of knowledge of these landmarks for external examination, diagnosis, patient triage, and provision of primary and specialized medical care is emphasized.Conclusions. Knowledge of external neck landmarks is fundamental for the effective performance of surgical manipulations and improving treatment outcomes for patients with neck injuries. This research has particular practical significance for military field surgery, where rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment of neck wounds can be critical for saving patients' lives.Practical  Significance. The results of the study can be used to improve diagnostic and treatment methods for neck injuries, as well as for training surgeons.