Extraction methods critically influence the phytochemical profile and bioactivity of natural product mixtures, affecting their efficacy as therapeutic agents. This review assesses the impact of various extraction techniques—such as solvent-based extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzymatic extraction—on the composition of bioactive compounds in plant extracts. We discuss how extraction parameters modify the bioactivity profiles, influencing their application in pharmaceutics and nutrition. This review critically analyzes these techniques with a special focus on integrated (hybrid) strategies, revealing that while advanced methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction offer improved efficiency, the greatest potential lies in the synergistic combination of methods to maximize yield and preserve bioactivity. The insights gathered here aim to guide researchers in developing optimal and sustainable extraction protocols for therapeutic applications.

The circulatory system is a closed conduit system throughout the body and consists of two parts as follows: the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. Hematological malignancies usually grow and multiply in the circulatory system, directly or indirectly affecting its function. These malignancies include multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) regulates the function and stability of substrate proteins through O-GlcNAc modification. Abnormally expressed OGT is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, including hematological malignancies, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. In cells, OGT can assemble with a variety of proteins to form complexes to exercise related biological functions, such as OGT/HCF-1, OGT/TET, NSL, and then regulate glucose metabolism, gene transcription, cell proliferation, and other biological processes, thus affecting the development of hematological malignancies. This review summarizes the complexes involved in the assembly of OGT in cells and the role of related OGT complexes in hematological malignancies. Unraveling the complex network regulated by the OGT complex will facilitate a better understanding of hematologic malignancy development and progression.

Pediatric asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with high heterogeneity. Its onset and progression are closely related to environmental exposures in early life and impaired immune regulation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis not only alters the production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, 12,13-diHOME, and succinate, but also drives airway inflammation through multiple immunoregulatory mechanisms. Gut microbial dysbiosis can affect the production of metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and promote airway inflammation through complex immune regulatory mechanisms. In addition, multi-axis interactions, including the gut-brain-lung and gut-bone-lung axis, may influence inflammatory phenotypes and disease heterogeneity in pediatric asthma. This review summarizes the characteristics of gut microbiota dysbiosis in pediatric asthma and focuses on the core mechanisms by which the gut–lung axis contributes to asthma pathogenesis, including metabolite-mediated regulation, disruption of immune homeostasis, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and multi-axis crosstalk. It also summarizes potential intervention approaches targeting the gut microbiota. Elucidating the gut microbiota–immune–multi-organ regulatory network may provide a theoretical basis for the early identification and precision intervention of pediatric asthma.