The aim of the present study was to isolate hepatoprotective component from Urtica dioica Linn. (whole plant) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in-vitro (HepG2 cells) and in-vivo (rats) model. Antioxidant activity of hydro alcoholic extract and its fractions petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (NBF) and aqueous fraction (AF) were determined by DPPH and NO radicals scavenging assay. Fractions were subjected to in-vitro HepG2 cell line study. Further, the most potent fraction (EAF) was subjected to in-vivo hepatoprotective potential against CCl4 challenged rats. The in-vivo hepatoprotective active fraction was chromatographed on silica column to isolate the bioactive constituent(s). Structure elucidation was done by using various spectrophotometric techniques like UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopy. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica possessed the potent antioxidant activity viz. DPPH (IC50 78.99 ± 0.17 μg/ml) and NO (IC50101.39 ± 0.30 μg/ml). The in-vitro HepG2 cell line study showed that the EAF prevented the cell damage. The EAF significantly attenuated the increased liver enzymes activities in serum and oxidative parameters in tissue of CCl4-induced rats, suggesting hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant action respectively. Column chromatography of most potent antioxidant fraction (EAF) lead to the isolation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (ferulic acid) which is responsible for its hepatoprotective potential. Hence, the present study suggests that EAF of hydro-alcoholic extract has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in-vitro and in-vivo.

Urtica dioica Linn. (Urticaceae) is a medicinal plant that has shown various therapeutic utilities in folklore medicine along with its use in the treatment of epilepsy. The entire plant has a sensible reservoir of nutritional elements and micronutrients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiepileptic effect of antioxidant potent extract of Urtica dioica root on animal models. Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts i.e. Petroleum ether extract (PEE), Ethyl acetate extract (EAE), Chloroform extract (CE) and Ethanolic extract (EE) were screened by DPPH radical scavenging assay using Ascorbic acid as the standard. Further the most potent antioxidant extract was subjected to antiepileptic activity against MES and PTZ model. The IC50 values of different Urtica dioica extracts (PEE, CE, EAE, and EE) in antioxidant assay were found to be 167.54 ± 1.97, 134.41 ± 0.82, 88.15 ± 1.39 and 186.38 ± 1.91 μg/ml in DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. The EAE has showed the potent antioxidant activity. In experimental study the EAE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) has found to be effective and significant against MES and PTZ induced seizures. The present study also suggested that antioxidant potent extract (EAE) of Urtica dioica root has antiepileptic effect against MES and PTZ induced seizures. However, further research studies will investigate the active component(s) of Urtica dioica responsible for the observed anticonvulsant effects.

Dementia, the main reason of deformity in the world, is characterised by agitation, behavioural and psychiatric symptoms, memory loss, and cognitive impairment. Managing the symptoms of individuals with dementia can be quite challenging. The current approach to treat these symptoms involves using atypical anti-psychotics off-labels, which are frequently linked to increased feeling of pain and considerably lowering the wellbeingof the patients. There are several limitations to the long-term use of these drugs; their effectiveness during the initial weeks of treatment is not maintained, and they have significant adverse effects. An important approach for managing symptoms of dementia patients would be the use of essential oils (EOs) that possess analgesic qualities and are nontoxic. Aromatic substances obtained from plants are called EOs. They can be present in bark, sap, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, and roots. Their distinctive fragrances have both therapeutic and psychological effects. The mechanism of EOs involve activation of olfactory chemoreceptors and the initiation of various events at cellular levels in the brain regions linked to olfactory nerve. Besides, the EOs can interact with neurotransmitters like 5-HT, dopamine, GABA and transient receptor potential channels to produce the desired effects. These EOs are used in aromatherapy to improve wellness. It is one of the complementary therapies that patients, practitioners, and families find appealing because it is thought to be less likely to have negative side effects. Consequently, there is increased interest in aromatherapy backed by clinical data for the management of agitation, aggression, and psychotic symptoms. Several molecular mechanisms, either for the entire phyto-complex or for individual component, have been suggested to specify the behavioural impacts of EOs, even though a significant amount of basic research is still required. The present review discusses the clinical research studies on various EOs with their usefulness as well as limitations. Also, the goal of this review is to provide the most current, comprehensive, and detailed overview of the natural sources of EOs along with current nano-formulations based on EOs to manage and treat cognitive impairment. The limitations and challenges on the clinical use of EO shave been also discussed thoroughly along with suggestions to overcome them.

Many diseases are associated with free radicals and oxidative stress, which result from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These high ROS levels affect various metabolic and signalling mechanisms leading to changes in physiological processes and the emergence of illnesses like cancer. In addition to dietary, mammalian cells have natural ROS scavenging mechanisms that includes enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. This review discuss the free radicals with relation to cancer development, as well as the role of antioxidants in the immune defence mechanism against free radicals. The review also explores various approaches for manipulating antioxidants and free radicals in the prevention and management of cancer, such as gene therapy, genetically engineered plants with higher antioxidant levels, artificial antioxidant enzymes, novel biomolecules, and antioxidant-rich foods. Future applications of these approaches are also discussed.

Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer is used traditionally as folkloric medicines for the treatment of differentpathological conditions. The first reported constituent from the bark of the plant was an iridoid glycoside premnosidic acid having antioxidant activity. Other species of this genus i.e., Premna latifolia, Premna tomentosa has shown to have antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Despite the ethnomedicinal uses, no scientific evidence in support of antitumor activity on the stem bark of Premna barbata is reported so far. Hence, the current work aims to assess anticancer potentiality of different extracts of P. barbata on various cancer cell lines. Different extracts i.e., Petroleum ether extract (PBPE), Chloroform extract (PBCE), Ethyl acetate extract (PBEE) and Alcoholic extract (PBAE) were prepared and on each extract in-vitro antiproliferative activity was performed by using SRB assay. The most potent extract i.e., PBEE was then evaluated for antioxidant activity. Qualitative phytochemical investigation of different extracts indicates the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic constituents. Ethyl acetate extract of Premna barbata gives potent cytotoxic activity in all cancer cell lines but more selectively to human colon cancer cell line (COLO-205) with GI 50 44.6 μg/ml. The phenolic and flavonoid content in ethyl acetate extract was 3.43±0.09 mg GE/g and 4.28±0.18mg QE/g respectively. Nineteen compounds were observed in positive (+) ESI mode chromatograms when LC-MS analysis was carried out. The LC-MS analysis by positive ionization mode, the predicted compounds such as Geniposidic acid (synonym: Premnosidic acid) and Rutin were detected. The cytotoxicity observed on cancerous cell lines in our study may be due to the presence of observed compounds. So, it can be concluded that Premna barbata stembark has remarkable cytotoxic activity against different tumor cell lines but the effect is more on colon cell lines as compared to others.