Liver transplantation is a complex surgical procedure in which various forms of coagulation dysfunction can occur, including perioperative hypercoagulability. The hemostasis balance in liver graft recipients with end-stage liver disease can shift to thrombosis or haemorrhage, depending on the associated risk factors and clinical conditions. Hypercoagulability can result in serious complications such as thromboembolism, which can affect the vessels of the newly transplanted liver graft. Standard coagulation tests (SCTs), such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), have a poor ability to diagnose and monitor an early stage of hypercoagulability. Recent studies demonstrated that viscoelastic hemostatic elastic tests (VETs), such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thromboelastography (TEG), are promising alternative tools for diagnosing hypercoagulability disorders. VETs measure clotting and clot formation time, clot strength (maximum clot firmness), fibrin and platelet contribution to clot firmness, and fibrinolysis, which makes them more sensitive in identifying liver graft recipients at risk for thrombosis as compared with SCTs. However, developing evidence-based guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of hypercoagulability based on VET results is still needed.

Background: Recent advancements in regenerative medicine have introduced mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) as a novel therapeutic approach. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing proteins, lipids, and RNAs capable of modulating cellular behavior and promoting tissue regeneration. A systematic review of human studies is warranted to summarize outcomes, assess therapeutic value, and guide clinical applications. Objectives: This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes for cutaneous scars, aging, and hyperpigmentation, with a focus on functional and aesthetic outcomes. Method: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2010–July 2025) was performed following 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included studies that were randomized controlled trials, pilot studies, case series, and case reports involving human participants treated with MSC-Exos. Outcomes assessed were scar remodeling, pigmentation, skin regeneration, recurrence, and adverse events. Data extraction and bias assessment were conducted independently. Result: Six studies (n = 99; age 19–72 years) from diverse regions, including the United States, the Republic of Korea, and México, were included. MSC-Exos therapy showed promising improvements in reducing scar thickness (32.5% vs. 19.9%, p < 0.01), wrinkle parameters were reduced by 1 (2.4–14.4% vs. 6.6–7.1%, p < 0.05), and elasticity was enhanced (+11.3% vs. −3.3%, p = 0.002) Additional benefits included hydration (+6.5% vs. +4.5%, p = 0.37) and reduced melanin index (−9.9% vs. −1%, p = 0.44). The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale score showed significant improvement (p = 0.005). Using the Investigator Global Assessment, 16 out of 25 areas treated with exosomes showed significant improvement (grade ≥ 2), compared to 12 out of 25 areas in the control group (p = 0.02), indicating that exosome treatment led to more visible improvement. Complete resolution of icepick scars, partial improvement of boxcar/rolling scars, and no recurrence of keloids (18/21) were reported. Adverse events were mild and transient. Conclusions: Early human evidence suggests that MSC-Exos may offer potential therapeutic benefits for scars, hyperpigmentation, and skin aging, with favorable short-term safety profiles. However, the current evidence remains preliminary due to small sample sizes, heterogeneous study designs, and limited follow-up durations. Larger, well-designed randomized trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and safety.

Introduction: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare and locally invasive benign hypervascular neoplasm, representing 0.05 to 0.5% of all neoplasms in the head and neck. Though it is benign, it has an aggressive nature. The clinical presentation of this tumor is a triad of epistaxis, unilateral nasal obstruction, and a mass in the nasopharynx. It could cause massive epistaxis or intracranial involvement, which both lead to fatal consequences. It is most commonly seen in adolescent males because it is considered an androgen-dependent tumor. Case Presentation: This report introduced a case of a 13-year-old Saudi male patient who presented two months after surgical removal of JNA with a complaint of progressively left-sided nasal blockage, snoring, rhinorrhea, hyposmia, and oral fullness with no epistaxis. Computed tomography (CT) with contrast of the sinuses was done and confirmed the recurrence of angiofibroma. Conclusion: This report revealed a recurrent period of two months after the surgical removal of a primary tumor, which is shorter than the typical period of recurrence.

Since it was declared a worldwide pandemic, COVID-19 has ravaged almost all over the world and has overloaded several health-care systems. The pandemic also resulted in job losses as a result of lengthy shutdowns, which burdened the global economy. Even though significant clinical research progress has led to a better perceiving of the virus (SARS-CoV-2) nature and the disease (COVID-19) management, preventing the virus's spread has become a major concern as SARS-CoV-2 continues to wreak havoc around the world. Several countries suffered from the second or third wave of viral disease outbreaks, primarily caused by the mutation of SARS-CoV-2. Imaging is critical in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with new coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP). The primary imaging modality in clinically suspected cases is CT scan and it is useful for monitoring imaging changes following therapy. Therefore, CT is regarded as a useful diagnostic technique for clinically suspected cases of COVID-19. CT has the ability to detect patients who have a negative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) but are highly suspicious of NCIP in terms of clinical problems. In addition, the results of a CT scan may also reveal information concerning the severity of the condition. In this review article, the diagnosis of COVID-19 is discussed and CT characteristics are defined based on the newest research for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19.

Chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema, and acne can have substantial psychosocial effects beyond physical symptoms. Visible dermatological conditions often lead to stigmatization, which may negatively influence social interactions, emotional well-being, and quality of life. However, limited research has examined perceived stigmatization among patients with chronic skin diseases in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to quantify and compare perceived stigmatization among patients with chronic skin diseases and identify demographic and clinical factors associated with stigma severity. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 446 patients with chronic skin diseases. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, and the 6-Item Stigmatization Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed to examine associations between stigma scores and demographic and clinical variables. A total of 446 participants were included, with females comprising 264 (59.2%) and most aged 18-40 years (291, 65.2%). Vitiligo (114, 25.6%) and psoriasis (102, 22.9%) were the most common conditions. Many participants reported stigma-related experiences, including feeling unattractive sometimes or very often (326, 73.0%). Stigma scores were significantly higher among males than females (8.12±3.93 vs. 7.03±4.73, p=0.011) and varied by monthly income (p<0.001). Stigma also differed across disease types (p<0.001), with the highest scores among vitiligo patients (8.74±3.98). In regression analysis, gender (B=1.039, p=0.016), age at disease onset (B=0.052, p=0.002), disease duration (B=−1.268, p=0.003), and family history (B=1.825, p<0.001) were significant predictors of stigma. To conclude, stigmatization is a common psychosocial burden among patients with chronic skin diseases. Addressing stigma through patient support, public education, and integrated psychological care may help improve the well-being of affected individuals.