The review examines the impact of maternal preeclampsia (PE) on the cardiometabolic and cardiovascular health of offspring. PE, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is responsible for 2 to 8% of pregnancy-related complications. It significantly contributes to adverse outcomes for their infants, affecting the time of birth, the birth weight, and cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), abdominal obesity, lipid profiles, glucose, and insulin. Exposure to PE in utero predisposes offspring to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through mechanisms that are not fully understood. The incidence of CMD and CVD is constantly increasing, whereas CVD is the main cause of morbidity and mortality globally. A complex interplay of genes, environment, and developmental programming is a plausible explanation for the development of endothelial dysfunction, which leads to atherosclerosis and CVD. The underlying molecular mechanisms are angiogenic imbalance, inflammation, alterations in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelium-derived components, serotonin dysregulation, oxidative stress, and activation of both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Moreover, the potential role of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and microRNAs as mediators of these effects is emphasized, suggesting avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect approximately 5% to 10% of pregnant women. Eclampsia is a serious hypertensive disorder that is primarily characterized by the onset of grand mal seizure activity in the absence of other causative conditions. While eclampsia is diagnosed clinically, laboratory tests are recommended to assess for complications. Treatment strategies for eclampsia focus on controlling seizures and managing hypertension. Acute care during a seizure is critical because of the need for immediate medical interventions, including the management of the airway, breathing, and circulation, as well as ensuring the safety of the patient during convulsions. Magnesium sulfate is the preferred anticonvulsant drug. Care must be taken during administration to prevent magnesium toxicity. Antihypertensive drugs used in eclampsia include labetalol, hydralazine and nifedipine. The definitive treatment of eclampsia is delivery. Close monitoring of both mother and fetus is important to identify any indications for delivery. The timing and mode of delivery depend on obstetric indications, the severity of eclampsia, the gestational age of the fetus, and the overall clinical status of the patient. Neuraxial anesthesia is the anesthesia of choice for conscious, seizure-free, and with stable vital signs women undergoing cesarean section.

Background: Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whether via infection or vaccination, seems to influence the character of the menstrual cycle by disrupting hormonal and immune function. Methods: The main aim of this cohort study was to explore the association between exposure to SARS-CoV-2—through either vaccination or infection—and menstrual disorders in adolescent females. We also aimed at identifying the most prevalent menstrual disorders observed and assessing potential differences between the exposure groups that may contribute to these conditions. Results: This study included data from adolescent females who visited the Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care due to various menstrual disorders. Data from 92 adolescents, 77 participants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and 15 controls, were retrieved. Significant associations were found between exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and abnormally frequent uterine bleeding (p = 0.032) and abnormal uterine bleeding (p = 0.025). Adolescents with a past confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrated significantly lower serum concentrations of fibrinogen (p = 0.023) and iron (p = 0.03), as well as higher γ-GT concentrations (p = 0.028), than those who were non-infected, whereas vaccinated adolescents presented with significantly lower concentrations of coagulation factors VIII (p = 0.002), vWFAg (p = 0.023), and Rcof (p = 0.007) than those of their unvaccinated peers. Overall, adolescents exposed [infection (or/and) vaccination] to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated increased estradiol (E2) concentrations compared to those of the controls. In conclusion, adolescent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was strongly linked to abnormal uterine bleeding and polymenorrhea, potentially due to decreased coagulation factors or increased E2 concentrations. Conclusions: Further research involving larger samples and a more sophisticated design is needed to validate these findings.