This paper presents the development of a Modified Hilbert Curve Fractal (MHCF) antenna with parasitic patches for multiband applications. The fractal antenna has been designed on a dual-layer substrate having a dimension of 50 × 60 × 3 mm simultaneously fed by a modified coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The geometry of the step feed has been optimized using swarm intelligence-based Dragonfly Optimization (DO) technique to enhance the bandwidth. The antenna offers multiband resonating characteristics with a bandwidth of 0.315 GHz (0.68–0.99 GHz), 3.220 GHz (3.98–7.20 GHz), 2.955 GHz (8.043–10.998 GHz) and 1.94 GHz (12.7–14.64 GHz). The proposed antenna indicates a higher degree of impedance matching with a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern at all resonating frequencies. The reported antenna has been fabricated and tested for the validation of resonating and radiation characteristics. Simulated and measured results are found in good agreement with each other. The fractal antenna is useful for radiolocation in Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band and for aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) in C-band, X-band and Ku-band as defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Aeroponics is a soilless farming method in which plants are grown by sprinkling a nutrient-rich fluid over their roots. Aeroponics has changed as a result of technology, which now offers advantages including automated nutrient supply, environmental management, and plant health monitoring. A key area of concern in light of the rising global food demand, climate change, and environmental issues is sustainable agriculture. This article highlights the integration of technology, sustainability, and socio-economic elements in modern agriculture by methodically examining the development of aeroponics practices from conventional ways to innovative modern techniques. When agronomic practices are viewed historically, they show a shift from labor-intensive, antiquated techniques to precision-based, technology-driven processes. Even though they were sustainable, traditional methods frequently had efficiency and scalability issues. A big change came with the arrival of the Green Revolution, which brought synthetic inputs and high-yield crop varieties. However, a reevaluation towards more sustainable practices was spurred by the approaches' long-term ecological implications. Precision agriculture, which makes use of sensor-based monitoring systems, artificial intelligence (AI), satellite and drone technologies, is a major feature of modern agronomy breakthroughs. According to the systematic research, Industry 4.0 and sensor technology are the most often used technologies in aeroponics. Numerous advantages, including time efficiency and sustainability, have come from these technologies. On the other hand, the research focused on power dependence and technical complexity as the primary obstacles in technology-assisted aeroponics.

This paper proposes a Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna specifically developed for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in Public Safety 4.9 GHz (4940–4990 MHz) band and Sub-6 GHz TDD 5G band (4800–4990 MHz). The proposed MIMO antenna consists of Koch fractal element, and it is introduced in four port configuration. HFSS is used to design, analyze, and optimize the performance parameters of the introduced MIMO antenna. To achieve optimum performance in terms of isolation, initially all two radiating elements of 1 × 2 MIMO configuration with varying orientations have been evaluated, which are positioned on top of a cost-effective FR4 substrate. Later on 2 × 2 and 1 × 4 MIMO configurations are evaluated; and 1 × 4 configuration is fabricated and tested in lab for the verification of simulated results. The MIMO antenna demonstrates resonance at 4.97 GHz, offering a bandwidth of 320 MHz (4795–5115 MHz). It exhibits excellent performance with Envelope Correlation Coefficient (EC-C) < 0.4, Diversity Gain (D-G) > 9.8, Mean Effective Gain (ME-G) < 3 dB, Total Active Refection Coefficient (TAR-C) < −14 dB, Channel Capacity Loss (CC-L) < 0.4 bits/s/Hz, and Isolation < −20 dB across the entire operating frequency range. The proposed MIMO antenna has a maximum gain of 1.2 dBi and radiation efficiency (η) of 80%. This proposed antenna offers several advantages over traditional ones, including high efficiency (η), low CC-L, and significant isolation, even without the use of special techniques to achieve isolation.

A fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated on FR4-epoxy substrate for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Minkowski fractal has been used in the design of radiating element of antenna and slots are incorporated in the partial ground structure. The proposed antenna is miniaturized by 65% in terms of resonating frequency using Minkowski fractal. The proposed structure of antenna has an overall size of 60× 40 ×1.6 mm³. The antenna resonates at 1.223, 1.58, 2.69, and at 3.54 GHz. It exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 0.11 (1.16–1.27) GHz, 0.23 (1.47–1.70) GHz, and 4.5 (1.99–6.49) GHz. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 3.4 dBi. The key benefits of the proposed antenna are: simple structure, improved performance characteristics, and its usefulness for applications such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Radar Altimeter, Public Safety Applications, and 5G communications in sub-6 GHz band. The simulated results of the proposed fractal antenna have been verified experimentally. The results are highly convincing.

A dual band low profile fractal antenna is proposed for Maritime Radio Navigation Services (MRNS). Minkowski fractal geometry is used on both the vertical boundaries of basic patch structure and by adjusting the fractal dimension desired operating frequency is achieved. The effect of antenna dimensions on the bandwidth is determined through the parametric analysis. Proposed antenna operates at 3 GHz and 9.4 GHz with a gain of 6.3 dB and 2.5 dB respectively. Furthermore, the resonating and radiation properties of the proposed antenna are measured experimentally. Measured results of the proposed antenna are highly convincing and in good agreement with simulated results.