Introduction: Ameloblastoma is regarded as the second most prevalent odontogenic tumor in the light of its prevalence, clinical characteristics, greater incidence of tumor recurrence, and therapeutic challenges. The aim of this systematic review was to establish the prevalence of ameloblastoma in the Indian subcontinent and to establish a national epidemiologic profile for these lesions. Material and Methods: A systematic review was undertaken based on the PRISMA guidelines in search of epidemiologic studies concerning odontogenic tumors and ameloblastoma that are listed by PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar embracing the period from January 2010 to December 2021, to evaluate the prevalence rate in India. A total of 277 publications were retrieved, of which 27 articles were selected, based on the World Health Organization classification of odontogenic tumors. Results: The affected individuals were on average in the third decade of life, with a higher male predominance. The majority of the tumors were multilocular radiolucencies in the posterior mandible, with follicular and plexiform histopathological features. The most common type of malignant lesion is ameloblastic carcinoma. Over 60% of follicular ameloblastoma recurred more frequently than the other types of ameloblastoma. Conclusion: The systematic study indicates a slight male predisposition to ameloblastoma, with a peak incidence in the third decade of life and the mandible as the preferred anatomical site. The solid/multicystic ameloblastoma is the most prevalent histopathologic pattern. More epidemiological research on the prevalence rate of ameloblastoma is required, particularly in India, in an effort to accurately determine the national epidemiological profile of ameloblastoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most commonly diagnosed oral cancer, has a poor prognosis, especially in the advanced stages. Chemerin, an adipokine that plays a significant role in inflammation and adipogenesis, has emerged as a prognostic biomarker in OSCC. The study evaluates immunohistochemical expression of chemerin and CD34-assessed microvessel density, and investigates their association with clinicopathological parameters and disease-free survival (DFS) in OSCC patients. The study consisted of tissue sections from 184 histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC stained by immunohistochemistry for chemerin. Microvessel density (MVD) was assessed using the hotspot method based on CD34 immunostaining. For survival analysis, three separate Cox regression models were constructed for chemerin expression, CD34-assessed microvessel density, and a composite score combining both to assess their effect on DFS. Composite scoring was based on chemerin expression and MVD. Group 1 includes low chemerin + low MVD; Group 2: low chemerin + high MVD; Group 3: High chemerin + low MVD; Group 4: high chemerin + high MVD. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used for survival analysis, and the Cox regression model for risk assessment. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. High chemerin expression was associated with advanced histopathological grade ( p < 0.001) and TNM stage (III-IV) ( p = 0.013), the presence of perineural invasion ( p = 0.022), increased depth of invasion (> 5 mm) ( p = 0.002), and tumor size (pT) (> 4 cm) ( p = 0.016). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between high chemerin expression and increased microvessel density (MVD), highlighting its role in tumor angiogenesis ( p < 0.001). Advanced TNM stage (III-IV) was an independent predictor of reduced DFS in all three models. Model 1 involving chemerin showed significance only in the univariate analysis ( p = 0.001). Whereas model 2, involving CD34-assessed MVD, showed statistical significance only in the univariate analysis ( p = 0.007). In the multivariate analysis involving model 3, the composite groups (2–4) showed higher hazard ratios for reduced DFS than the reference group 1. Chemerin overexpression is associated with tumor angiogenesis, and its combined evaluation helped in improving the prognostic value compared to individual marker analysis. These findings suggest that chemerin, when combined with other prognostic biomarkers, can help with risk stratification in OSCC, which further require external validation.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a colourless, water-soluble, and free radical gas with a very short life span. NO acts as a double-edged sword that has both tumorigenic and tumoricidal properties. Aim: This study was conducted to estimate and compare the salivary and serum NO levels in healthy individuals and histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: In this study, the salivary and serum NO levels were estimated in 30 healthy controls and 30 patients with OSCC using a Griess reagent and a multimode reader. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent t -test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of salivary NO levels in the healthy control group (Group I) were 0.7588 ± 0.0004 μg/μL, while in the OSCC group (Group II), it was 0.7598 ± 0.0005 μg/μL. Similarly, the mean and the SD of serum NO levels in the control group were 0.7591 ± 0.0003 μg/μL, while in the OSCC group, it was 0.7645 ± 0.0019 μg/μL. Conclusion: NO has a multidimensional role in carcinogenesis. The possible molecular mechanism behind the increased level of NO in OSCC could be correlated with the chronic inflammatory environment, which leads to oxidative damage of DNA through activation of various transcription factors, namely Nuclear Factor-kappa B (Nf kB), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1 alpha), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), which result in tumor growth and progression. Our study demonstrates that increased serum and saliva NO levels are seen in OSCC patients. Hence NO can be used as a diagnostic marker.

Background. Among oral biopsies, small incisional tissues, have to be preserved all through the processing and embedding to ensure optimal visualization of all the mucosal layers without compromise. Optimal tissue orientation is the most critical step in tissue processing for demonstration of definitive morphology in the sections, which is often more challenging in cases of minute/small or thinner sections using routine paraffin techniques to evaluate accurate diagnosis. Some modification is needed to handle these samples to get a better result. Double embedding technique with some modification has been widely used for small/ thin/ multiple biopsies and gives excellent results in many other fields like general pathology and biotechnology. The double embedding technique though produced excellent and significant results in mucosal biopsies yet, it is of minimal interest among oral pathologists. To best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use double embedding technique for pulp tissues. Objective. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the ease of embedding and sectioning sections using Agar-Paraffin double embedding technique for small oral mucosal biopsies and thin pulp tissues. Material and methods. A total of 40 oral tissue samples categorized into two groups were taken for the present study. Group I included 20 small oral mucosal biopsy samples of size ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cm and Group II included 20 pulp tissues obtained from freshly extracted non carious tooth. 10 blocks were prepared by routine paraffin method and 10 blocks were prepared by modified double embedding method for each group. Scores were given by comparing all the criteria with that of the routine paraffin technique. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results. The average ease score for the Agar-Paraffin double embedded small/minute biopsies showed better scores than the pulp tissue with that of the routine technique. However, no statistically significant difference was seen among embedding and sectioning sections between the two groups. Conclusion. Modified double embedding method is simple and reliable alternative technique that helps in better orientation, processing and sectioning especially for oral small or thin biopsies and delicate pulp tissues.

Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the significant trends of advancement in the body of literature of specialty journals on molecular biological investigations of ameloblastoma (AB). Additionally, this bibliometric study sought to identify the authors, organizations, journals, and countries from emerging regions that have exerted the most significant influence on molecular biological and bioinformatics studies on AB. Novelty of study The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive bibliometric integration of bioinformatics and molecular perspectives, offering a structured roadmap for future ameloblastoma research. Materials and methods A complete list of AB molecular biological research citations was found in Scopus. The search was restricted to papers published between 2014 and 2024, but there were no restrictions on the language or type of research studies. The study examined total citations, citation density, journal name, impact factor, journal category, quartile, published year, authors, affiliations, and study type. Results The analysis included collecting 112 publications published between 2014 and 2024. There were 95 original research papers, 6 systematic reviews, 5 case reports, 3 brief communications, and 6 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Our analysis identifies noteworthy authors and nations that have contributed, with Brazil emerging as a leading figure in this field of study. Conclusions The research on AB, especially its biological profile, has changed significantly across the years, as can be observed by perusing the contents of the papers included here. The data from this study would help the researchers target specific objectives for future research in more relevant avenues.