Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common types of cancer in Poland and worldwide. Many risk factors lead to the pathogenesis of this disease, such as lifestyle choices, BMI, the medicines used in breast cancer therapy, and Lynch syndrome. EC cells show the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PgR). These receptors occur in multiple isoforms and have a significant influence on the operation of cells. The loss of ER and PgR expression is associated with a poor prognosis. We assessed tissue slides that were obtained from 103 women with EC diagnoses of various grades, stages, and histological types. In this study, we used computer image analyses to increase the objectivity of the assessment. We proved that, in the tissue of patients with high-grade (G3) EC, the expression of PgR is significantly lower than that in the tissues of patients with low-grade EC. We also observed that PgR is significantly expressed in EC with a low FIGO stage and in the endometroid type of EC (which rarely becomes malignant compared to serous type). The expression of ERb1 was lower in patients with EC at the IV FIGO stage than in patients with stage III EC. These findings confirm that the loss of ER and PgR expression is connected with a poor prognosis.

Understanding the molecular factors involved in the development of uterine myomas may result in the use of pharmacological drugs instead of aggressive surgical treatment. ANG1, CaSR, and FAK were examined in myoma and peripheral tissue samples taken from women after myoma surgery and in normal uterine muscle tissue samples taken from the control group. Tests were performed using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. No statistically significant differences in ANG1 expression between the tissue of the myoma, the periphery, and the normal uterine muscle tissue of the control group were recorded. The CaSR value was reduced in the myoma and peripheral tissue and normal in the group of women without myomas. FAK expression was also lower in the myoma and periphery compared to the healthy uterine myometrium. Calcium supplementation could have an effect on stopping the growth of myomas.

Understanding the molecular factors involved in the development of uterine myomas may result in the use of pharmacological drugs instead of aggressive surgical treatment. ANGPT1, CASR, and PTK2 were examined in myoma and peripheral tissues samples taken from women after myoma surgery and in normal uterine muscle tissue samples in the control group. Tests were performed using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. No statistically significant differences in ANGPT1 expression between the tissue of the myoma, the periphery, and the normal uterine muscle tissue of the control group were recorded. The CASR value was reduced in the myoma and peripheral tissue and normal in the group of women without myomas. PTK2 expression was also lower in the myoma and periphery com-pared to healthy uterine myometrium. Calcium supplementation could have an effect on stop-ping the growth of myomas.

Gynecological malignancies and breast cancer impose substantial health and economic burdens. This review examines how local and systemic microbiota may affect epithelial integrity, inflammation, estrogen metabolism, and immunity. The vaginal ecosystem is the most extensively studied female microbial niche. Cervical cancer serves as the most illustrative clinical example: loss of stable Lactobacillus crispatus dominance and increased prevalence of anaerobic bacteria (anaerobic dysbiosis) are associated with persistent HPV infection, which directly elevates the risk of cervical precancerous lesions. The estrobolome is particularly relevant in endometrial cancer, where intestinal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity may increase estrogen reabsorption, particularly in obesity and metabolic disease. In ovarian cancer, microbiota is being studied as a possible risk modifier in BRCA1 carriers, but the evidence remains exploratory. In breast cancer, intratumoral bacteria may shape the immune microenvironment, particularly in triple-negative disease. The primary limitation of current research is methodological heterogeneity. Low-biomass samples, such as those from the ovary or endometrium, are highly susceptible to technical contamination. Most studies are cross-sectional and cannot establish causality. Current evidence supports microbiota as a modifier, not a standalone marker or a substitute for standard diagnosis and treatment. Its most plausible near-term role is in multiparameter risk or response models, pending standardized prospective validation.