Background: We aimed to visualize and classify the time series of COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB) notification, and TB outcomes (cure, treatment abandonment, and death), verify the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on these indices in Brazil, and verify the presence of spatial autocorrelation between COVID-19 and TB. Methods: This was an ecological time series study that considered TB and COVID-19 cases. Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL) was used to trace the temporal trend, Prais–Winsten was used to classify the temporal trend, Interrupted Time Series (ITS) was used to verify the impact of COVID-19 on TB rates, and the Bivariate Moran Index (Global and Local) was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation of events. Results: Brazil and its macro-regions showed an increasing temporal trend for the notification of TB in the pre-pandemic period. Only the Northeast Region showed a decreasing temporal trend for cured cases. For treatment abandonment, all regions except for the Northeast showed an increasing temporal trend, and regarding death, Brazil and the Northeast Region showed an increasing temporal trend. With the ITS, COVID-19 caused a decline in TB notification rates and TB outcome rates. With the global spatial analysis, it was possible to identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the notification rate of COVID-19 and the TB notification rate and deaths. With the local analysis, it was possible to map the Brazilian municipalities and classify them according to the relationship between the rates of both diseases and space. Conclusions: COVID-19 influenced the follow-up of and adherence to TB treatment and intensified social vulnerability and, consequently, affected the notification of TB since the relationship between the disease and social determinants of health is already known. The restoration and strengthening of essential services for the prevention and detection of cases and treatment of TB in endemic environments such as Brazil have been oriented as a priority in the global health agenda.

Background: Brazil is the destination of many international migrants and refugees and, given the circumstances of their entry into the country, many face difficulties due to the absence of targeted policies. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey the social impact of COVID-19 on international migrants and refugees regarding income loss, food insecurity and other social inequities, and to identify explanatory factors on these aspects. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, analytical study. We used a validated instrument applied by trained interviewers. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with income loss and food insecurity. Results: A total of 360 individuals from sub-Saharan African and South American countries participated in the study. Individuals who were white, black/brown, yellow, had an occupation/employment, and earned less than one minimum wage were more likely to lose income. Those who reported no income, received less than one minimum wage, and were diagnosed with COVID-19 were more likely to be food insecure. Conclusions: The study advances knowledge by identifying factors associated with income loss, food insecurity, and individuals' difficulty in accessing health services and social support measures in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial da hanseníase e as incapacidades em menores de 15 anos de idade em Cuiabá. Métodos: Estudo ecológico realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A população do estudo foi composta de casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, entre os anos de 2008 e 2018. Com base nos endereços residenciais, os casos foram georreferenciados. Na análise da distribuição espacial dos casos, foi utilizada a estimativa da densidade de Kernel e, posteriormente, aplicada a estatística de varredura espacial, espaço-temporal e variação espacial nas tendências temporais. Resultados: Foram notificados 514 casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos em Cuiabá, com percentual de 10,1% de casos com grau de incapacidade física 1 e 2,3% com grau de incapacidade física 2 no momento do diagnóstico. Com as técnicas de varredura espacial e espaço-temporal, foram identificados aglomerados de risco para hanseníase nas regiões norte, oeste, leste e sul de Cuiabá, e com a técnica de variação espacial nas tendências temporais foi identificado um aglomerado na região oeste de Cuiabá. Conclusão: Em Cuiabá, os casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos com incapacidades estavam distribuídos em toda a extensão urbana da cidade, com maior densidade de casos nas regiões norte e oeste, seguida da região leste. Os aglomerados de maior risco relativo foram identificados nas regiões leste e oeste, caracterizadas por apresentar baixo e médio níveis de renda.

Background: During COVID-19, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased, further exacerbating the violation of basic rights necessary for human survival. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the inequalities associated with income loss and food insecurity among people experiencing homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District among the homeless population using a validated instrument. Descriptive analyses and binary logistic regressions were performed. Results: Among 1512 homeless participants (median age:37, range:18–89), 39.4% had incomplete primary education, 83.7% earned below minimum wage or had no income, 56.5% received government aid, and 87.1% used the Sistema Único de Saúde (Brazilian Public Health System-SUS). During the pandemic, 42.0% faced food difficulties, and 26.3% experienced income loss. Across Brazilian macroregions, lack of employment affected four regions, with high SUS dependency and food scarcity. In the North (72.7%) and Northeast (51.9%), most lacked government aid, while in the Midwest (51.6%), temporary income loss prevailed. In regression analyses, men, black/mixed race, those married or in a stable union, government aid recipients, and SUS users had greater difficulty acquiring food during COVID-19. Men with incomplete high school or higher education and income above minimum wage were less likely to suffer temporary income loss, and black/mixed race individuals and those living on the streets were more likely. Conclusions: The study showed how socioeconomic factors increased income loss and food acquisition difficulties during COVID-19, exacerbating vulnerability and social inequities for the people experiencing homelessness.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios enfrentados pela população indígena ao acesso à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo de revisão integrativa de literatura (RIL) pelo método de Ganong (1987), que propõe um processo de sistematização e análise dos dados, objetivando a compreensão do tema em estudo. Foram arrolados 11 artigos das bases de dados SciELO e LILACS, completos e com a temática sobre como se dá o enfrantamento da população indígena frente as dificuldades enfrentadas no acesso à saúde. Os indígenas tem enfrantado como principais dificuldades no tempo de permanência nas casas de apoio ou quando há necessidade de internação hospitalar; no rompimento da dieta, pois na aldeia baseia-se em alimentos provenientes da caça e pesca; dificuldades quanto a marcação de consulta e no deslocamento de onde vivem para a casa de apoio ao indígena; há dificuldades após o atendimento ou procedimentos necessários, pois acabam comprando os fármacos com os próprios recursos financeiros e nem sempre tem. Quanto a assistência da equipe de enfermagem, percebeu-se o despreparado para lidar com os costumes e questões culturais desses povos; contudo, muitos indígenas demonstraram satisfação no atendimento recebido. O presente estudo mostrou que os indígenas ainda enfrentam grandes desafios, principalmente quanto ao fator cultural, pois ainda sofrem com no acesso a assistência à saúde e na interação entre indígenas com profissionais não indígenas, devido a pela alta rotatividade. Apesar dessas observações, alguns estudos mostram que os profissionais facilitaram o acesso as casas de saúde e sua estadia no local de apoio.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic may affect youth’s physical and mental well-being, partially because of the countries’ rules to contain the virus from spreading. However, there is still uncertainty about the impact of physical distancing on youth’s mental health. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of feeling agitated, anxious, down, sad, or low mood (FNF) due to physical distance measures and verify which factors are associated with young Portuguese and Brazilian people. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the instrument “COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion” in Portugal (March 2020 and September 2021) and from “COVID-19 Social Thermometer” in Brazil (August 2020 to April 2021); these surveys included data regarding the health and socioeconomic impact on the population. The health and sociodemographic variables of the two countries were summarized as absolute and relative frequencies. A multivariable logistic regression model was fit by country to estimate the relation between FNF and selected variables of interest. Results: Approximately 36% of the sample studied reported anxiety, agitation, sadness, or low mood almost every day in Portugal and 52% in Brazil due to physical distancing. In Portugal, having more than two comorbidities represented a greater chance of experiencing FNF every day or almost every day (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51 [CI: 1.22–1.87]) than those without comorbidities. In contrast, having a university education level represented a protector factor (OR = 0.76 [CI: 0.67–0.88]). In Brazil, being unemployed increased the chance of FNF compared to students (OR = 11.2). Conclusions: Physical distancing measures have impacted the mental well-being of the young population in Portugal and Brazil. The countries must make a quick effort to attend to and protect young people’s well-being and mental health in the changing context of the current pandemic.