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This study highlights the severity of arsenic contamination in the Ganga River basin (GRB), which encompasses significant geographic portions of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Tibet. The entire GRB experiences elevated levels of arsenic in the groundwater (up to 4730 µg/L), irrigation water (~1000 µg/L), and in food materials (up to 3947 µg/kg), all exceeding the World Health Organization’s standards for drinking water, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s standard for irrigation water (100 µg/L), and the Chinese Ministry of Health’s standard for food in South Asia (0.15 mg/kg), respectively. Several individuals demonstrated dermal, neurological, reproductive, cognitive, and cancerous effects; many children have been diagnosed with a range of arsenicosis symptoms, and numerous arsenic-induced deaths of youthful victims are reported in the GRB. Victims of arsenic exposure face critical social challenges in the form of social isolation and hatred by their respective communities. Reluctance to establish arsenic standards and unsustainable arsenic mitigation programs have aggravated the arsenic calamity in the GRB and put millions of lives in danger. This alarming situation resembles a ticking time bomb. We feel that after 29 years of arsenic research in the GRB, we have seen the tip of the iceberg with respect to the actual magnitude of the catastrophe; thus, a reduced arsenic standard for drinking water, testing all available drinking water sources, and sustainable and cost-effective arsenic mitigation programs that include the participation of the people are urgently needed.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Sushant K. Singh; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 180 .
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Sushant K. Singh, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Probir Bijoy Kar. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (2):180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Sushant K. Singh; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar. 2018. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 180.
This study represents the first comprehensive report of groundwater arsenic contamination status in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC). During the past 23 years, 4210 groundwater samples were analysed from all 141 wards in the KMC: 14.2% and 5.2% samples had arsenic >10 μg/l and >50 μg/l, respectively, representing 77 and 37 wards. The study shows that the number of arsenic contaminated samples (and wards) in the southern part of the KMC exceeds that of other parts of the city. The daily intake of arsenic from drinking water was estimated as 0.95 μg per kg bw and the cancer risk was estimated as 1425/10. Analyses of biological samples (hair, nail and urine) showed elevated concentrations of arsenic indicating the presence of subclinical arsenic poisoning, predicting an enhanced lifetime cancer risk for the population in southern part of the KMC. In the KMC, groundwater is not a sustainable source of freshwater due to arsenic, high iron, hardness and total dissolved solids. Its continued use is impelled by the lack of an adequate infrastructure to treat and supply surface water and in some wards the unaccounted for water (UFW) is even >45% incurred during distribution. The rare imposition of a water tax makes the water supply systems unsustainable and fosters indifference to water conservation. To mitigate the arsenic problem, continuous groundwater monitoring for pollutants, a treated surface water supply with strict policy implications, rainwater harvesting in the urban areas and introduction of water taxes seem to be long-term visible solutions.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Bhaskar Das; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bishwajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Mrinal K. Sengupta; Sad Ahamed; Amir Hossain; Uttam K. Chowdhury; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Khitish Chandra Saha; R.N. Dutta. Arsenic in groundwater of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), India: Critical review and modes of mitigation. Chemosphere 2017, 180, 437 -447.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Bhaskar Das, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Bishwajit Nayak, Arup Pal, Mrinal K. Sengupta, Sad Ahamed, Amir Hossain, Uttam K. Chowdhury, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Khitish Chandra Saha, R.N. Dutta. Arsenic in groundwater of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), India: Critical review and modes of mitigation. Chemosphere. 2017; 180 ():437-447.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Bhaskar Das; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bishwajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Mrinal K. Sengupta; Sad Ahamed; Amir Hossain; Uttam K. Chowdhury; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Khitish Chandra Saha; R.N. Dutta. 2017. "Arsenic in groundwater of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), India: Critical review and modes of mitigation." Chemosphere 180, no. : 437-447.
During a 28-year field survey in India (1988–2016), groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects were registered in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in the Ganga River flood plain, and the states of Assam and Manipur in the flood plain of Brahamaputra and Imphal rivers. Groundwater of Rajnandgaon village in Chhattisgarh state, which is not in a flood plain, is also arsenic contaminated. More than 170,000 tubewell water samples from the affected states were analyzed and half of the samples had arsenic >10 μg/L (maximum concentration 3,700 μg/L). Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water causes various health problems, like dermal, neurological, reproductive and pregnancy effects, cardiovascular effects, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and cancers, typically involving the skin, lungs, liver, bladder, etc. About 4.5% of the 8,000 children from arsenic-affected villages of affected states were registered with mild to moderate arsenical skin lesions. In the preliminary survey, more than 10,000 patients were registered with different types of arsenic-related signs and symptoms, out of more than 100,000 people screened from affected states. Elevated levels of arsenic were also found in biological samples (urine, hair, nails) of the people living in affected states. The study reveals that the population who had severe arsenical skin lesions may suffer from multiple Bowens/cancers in the long term. Some unusual symptoms, such as burning sensation, skin itching and watering of eyes in the presence of sun light, were also noticed in arsenicosis patients. Au cours d’une étude sur le terrain, menée en Inde pendant 28 ans (1988–2016), la contamination des eaux souterraines en arsenic et ses effets sur la santé ont été enregistrés dans les états du Bengale occidental, du Jharkhand, du Bihar et de l’Uttar Pradesh dans la plaine d’inondation du Ganges, et dans les états de l’Assam et de Manipur dans la plaine d’inondation du Brahmapoutre et de l’Imphal. Les eaux souterraines sont également contaminées en arsenic dans le village de Rajnandgaon dans l’état de Chhattisgarh, qui n’est pas localisé dans une plaine d’inondation. Plus de 170,000 échantillons d’eau prélevés dans des forages tubés des états affectés par la contamination ont été analysés et la moitié de ces échantillons d’eau ont des concentrations en arsenic supérieures à 10 μg/L (concentration maximum 3,700 μg/L). L’exposition chronique à l’arsenic par l’eau potable cause de nombreux problèmes de santé, comme des problèmes dentaires, neurologiques, des effets sur la reproduction et la grossesse, des effets cardiovasculaires, le diabète sucré, las maladies des systèmes respiratoires et gastro-intestinal, et cancers dont ceux de la peau, des poumons, du foie, de la vessie, etc. Pour environ 4.5% des 8,000 enfants des villages affectés par l’arsenic des états concernés, on enregistre des problèmes faibles à modérés de lésions cutanées liées à l’arsenic. Lors de l’enquête préliminaire, plus de 10,000 des 100,000 personnes étudiées dans les états concernés ont été enregistrées avec différents types de signes et symptômes liés à l’arsenic. Des niveaux élevés en arsenic ont également été trouvés dans les différents échantillons biologiques (urine, ongles, cheveux) des populations vivant dans les états affectés. L’étude révèle que la population qui a de fortes lésions cutanées du fait de l’arsenic souffre de multiples cancers (type maladie de Bowen) sur le long terme. Des symptômes inhabituels, comme des sensations de brulure, des démangeaisons cutanées et des larmoiements en présence de la lumière du soleil, ont été également notés sur les patients atteints d’arsenicose. La contaminación del arsénico del agua subterránea y sus efectos sobre la salud se registraron durante un relevamiento de campo de 28 años en la India (1988–2016) en los estados de Bengala Occidental, Jharkhand, Bihar y Uttar Pradesh en la llanura de inundación del río Ganges y en los estados de Assam y Manipur en la llanura de inundación de los ríos Brahamaputra e Imphal. El agua subterránea de la aldea de Rajnandgaon en el estado de Chhattisgarh, que no está en una llanura de inundación, también está contaminada con arsénico. Se analizaron más de 170,000 muestras de agua de pozos de los estados afectados y la mitad de las muestras tenían arsénico >10 μg/L (concentración máxima 3,700 μg/L). La exposición crónica al arsénico a través del agua potable causa varios problemas de salud, como efectos dérmicos, neurológicos, reproductivos y del embarazo, los efectos cardiovasculares, la diabetes mellitus, las enfermedades de los sistemas respiratorio y gastrointestinal y cánceres que afectan típicamente la piel, los pulmones, etc. Alrededor del 4.5% de los 8,000 niños de las aldeas afectadas por el arsénico de los estados afectados fueron registrados con lesiones arsenicales de leve a moderada. En el relevamiento preliminar, más de 10,000 pacientes fueron registrados con diferentes tipos de signos y síntomas relacionados con el arsénico, de más de 100,000 personas examinadas de los estados afectados. Los niveles elevados de arsénico también se encontraron en muestras biológicas (orina, pelo, uñas) de las personas que viven en los estados afectados. El estudio revela que la población que tenía lesiones arsenicales severas de la piel puede sufrir de múltiples cánceres de la enfermedad de Bowens en el largo plazo. También se observaron en los pacientes con arsenicosis, algunos síntomas inusuales, como sensación de ardor, picazón de la piel y riesgo en ojos en presencia de luz solar....
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bhaskar Das; Amit Chatterjee; Dipankar Das; Biswajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Sad Ahmed; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Mrinal Kumar Sengupta; Amir Hossain; Gautam Samanta; M. M. Roy; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar; Adreesh Mukherjee; Manoj Kumar. Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in India. Hydrogeology Journal 2017, 25, 1165 -1181.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Bhaskar Das, Amit Chatterjee, Dipankar Das, Biswajit Nayak, Arup Pal, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Sad Ahmed, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Mrinal Kumar Sengupta, Amir Hossain, Gautam Samanta, M. M. Roy, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Khitish Chandra Saha, Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Probir Bijoy Kar, Adreesh Mukherjee, Manoj Kumar. Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in India. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017; 25 (4):1165-1181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bhaskar Das; Amit Chatterjee; Dipankar Das; Biswajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Sad Ahmed; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Mrinal Kumar Sengupta; Amir Hossain; Gautam Samanta; M. M. Roy; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar; Adreesh Mukherjee; Manoj Kumar. 2017. "Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in India." Hydrogeology Journal 25, no. 4: 1165-1181.
During our last 27 years of field survey in India, we have studied the magnitude of groundwater arsenic and fluoride contamination and its resulting health effects from numerous states. India is the worst groundwater fluoride and arsenic affected country in the world. Fluoride results the most prevalent groundwater related diseases in India. Out of a total 29 states in India, groundwater of 20 states is fluoride affected. Total population of fluoride endemic 201 districts of India is 411 million (40% of Indian population) and more than 66 million people are estimated to be suffering from fluorosis including 6 million children below 14 years of age. Fluoride may cause a crippling disease. In 6 states of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain (GB-Plain), 70.4 million people are potentially at risk from groundwater arsenic toxicity. Three additional states in the non GB-Plain are mildly arsenic affected. For arsenic with substantial cumulative exposure can aggravate the risk of cancers along with various other diseases. Clinical effects of fluoride includes abnormal tooth enamel in children; adults had joint pain and deformity of the limbs, spine etc. The affected population chronically exposed to arsenic and fluoride from groundwater is in danger and there is no available medicine for those suffering from the toxicity. Arsenic and fluoride safe water and nutritious food are suggested to prevent further aggravation of toxicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that social problems arising from arsenic and fluoride toxicity eventually create pressure on the economy of the affected areas. In arsenic and fluoride affected areas in India, crisis is not always having too little safe water to satisfy our need, it is the crisis of managing the water
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Amit Chatterjee; Dipankar Das; Bhaskar Das; Biswajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Sad Ahmed; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Mrinal Kumar Sengupta; Dilip Lodh; Gautam Samanta; Sanjana Chakraborty; M.M. Roy; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: Magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2016, 38, 33 -45.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Amit Chatterjee, Dipankar Das, Bhaskar Das, Biswajit Nayak, Arup Pal, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Sad Ahmed, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Mrinal Kumar Sengupta, Dilip Lodh, Gautam Samanta, Sanjana Chakraborty, M.M. Roy, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Khitish Chandra Saha, Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Probir Bijoy Kar. Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: Magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2016; 38 ():33-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Amit Chatterjee; Dipankar Das; Bhaskar Das; Biswajit Nayak; Arup Pal; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Sad Ahmed; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Mrinal Kumar Sengupta; Dilip Lodh; Gautam Samanta; Sanjana Chakraborty; M.M. Roy; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Probir Bijoy Kar. 2016. "Fate of over 480 million inhabitants living in arsenic and fluoride endemic Indian districts: Magnitude, health, socio-economic effects and mitigation approaches." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 38, no. : 33-45.
We investigated the extent and severity of groundwater arsenic (As) contamination in five blocks in Patna district, Bihar, India along with As in biological samples and its health effects such as dermatological, neurological and obstetric outcome in some villages. We collected 1365 hand tube-well water samples and analyzed for As by the flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometer (FI-HG-AAS). We found 61% and 44% of the tube-wells had As above 10 and 50 μg/l, respectively, with maximum concentration of 1466 μg/l. Our medical team examined 712 villagers and registered 69 (9.7%) with arsenical skin lesions. Arsenical skin lesions were also observed in 9 children of 312 screened. We analyzed 176 biological samples (hair, nail and urine). Out of these, 69 people had arsenical skin lesions and rest without skin lesions. We found 100% of the biological samples had As above the normal levels (concentrations of As in hair, nail and urine of unexposed individuals usually ranges from 20 to 200 μg/kg, 20–500 μg/kg and <100 μg/l, respectively), indicating many people are sub-clinically affected. Arsenical neuropathy was observed in 40.5% of 37 arsenicosis patients with 73.3% prevalence for predominant sensory neuropathy and 26.7% for sensor-motor. Among patients, different clinical and electrophysiological neurological features and abnormal quantitative sensory perception thresholds were also noted. The study also found that As exposed women with severe skin lesions had adversely affected their pregnancies. People including children in the affected areas are in danger. To combat As situation in affected areas, villagers urgently need (a) provision of As-safe water for drinking and cooking, (b) awareness about the danger of As toxicity, and (c) nutritious food.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Sad Ahamed; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shyamapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in Patna district (capital of Bihar) in the middle Ganga plain, India. Chemosphere 2016, 152, 520 -529.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Sad Ahamed, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Shyamapada Pati, Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in Patna district (capital of Bihar) in the middle Ganga plain, India. Chemosphere. 2016; 152 ():520-529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Sad Ahamed; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shyamapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. 2016. "Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in Patna district (capital of Bihar) in the middle Ganga plain, India." Chemosphere 152, no. : 520-529.
The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of groundwater arsenic contamination in Shahpur block of Bhojpur district, Bihar state, India and its health effects such as dermal, neurological, obstetric effects, and cancer risk. The School of Environmental Studies (SOES) collected 4704 tube-well water samples from all 88 villages of Shahpur, which were analyzed for arsenic. We found 40.3 and 21.1 % of the tube-wells had arsenic above 10 and 50 μg/l, respectively, with maximum concentration of 1805 μg/l. The study shows that 75,000, 39,000, and 10,000 people could be exposed to arsenic-contaminated water greater than 10, 50, and 300 μg/l, respectively. Our medical team examined 1422 villagers from Shahpur and registered 161 (prevalence rate, 11.3 %) with arsenical skin lesions. Arsenical skin lesions were also observed in 29 children of 525 screened. We analyzed 579 biological samples (hair, nail, and urine) from Shahpur and found that 82, 89, and 91 % of hair, nail, and urine, respectively, had arsenic above the normal levels, indicating many people in the study area are sub-clinically affected. Arsenical neuropathy was observed in 48 % of 102 arsenicosis patients. The study also found that arsenic exposed women with severe skin lesions had adversely affected their pregnancies. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were also estimated based on the generated data. Safe drinking water supply is urgently required to combat arsenic situation in affected villages of Shahpur.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Sad Ahamed; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shyamapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its induced health effects in Shahpur block, Bhojpur district, Bihar state, India: risk evaluation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2016, 23, 9492 -9504.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Sad Ahamed, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Shyamapada Pati, Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its induced health effects in Shahpur block, Bhojpur district, Bihar state, India: risk evaluation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016; 23 (10):9492-9504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Sad Ahamed; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shyamapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee. 2016. "Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its induced health effects in Shahpur block, Bhojpur district, Bihar state, India: risk evaluation." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, no. 10: 9492-9504.
Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Bangladesh first identified their groundwater arsenic contamination in 1993. But before the international arsenic conference in Dhaka in February 1998, the problem was not widely accepted. Even in the international arsenic conference in West-Bengal, India in February, 1995, representatives of international agencies in Bangladesh and Bangladesh government attended the conference but they denied the groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India first identified arsenic patient in Bangladesh in 1992 and informed WHO, UNICEF of Bangladesh and Govt. of Bangladesh from April 1994 to August 1995. British Geological Survey (BGS) dug hand tube-wells in Bangladesh in 1980s and early 1990s but they did not test the water for arsenic. Again BGS came back to Bangladesh in 1992 to assess the quality of the water of the tube-wells they installed but they still did not test for arsenic when groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in West Bengal in Bengal delta was already published in WHO Bulletin in 1988. From December 1996, SOES in collaboration with Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH), Bangladesh started analyzing hand tube-wells for arsenic from all 64 districts in four geomorphologic regions of Bangladesh. So far over 54,000 tube-well water samples had been analyzed by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS). From SOES water analysis data at present we could assess status of arsenic groundwater contamination in four geo-morphological regions of Bangladesh and location of possible arsenic safe groundwater. SOES and DCH also made some preliminary work with their medical team to identify patients suffering from arsenic related diseases. SOES further analyzed few thousands biological samples (hair, nail, urine and skin scales) and foodstuffs for arsenic to know arsenic body burden and people sub-clinically affected. SOES and DCH made a few follow-up studies in some districts to know their overall situations after 9 to 18 years of their first exposure. The overall conclusion from these follow-up studies is (a) villagers are now more aware about the danger of drinking arsenic contaminated water (b) villagers are currently drinking less arsenic contaminated water (c) many villagers in affected village died of cancer (d) arsenic contaminated water is in use for agricultural irrigation and arsenic exposure from food chain could be future danger. Since at present more information is coming about health effects from low arsenic exposure, Bangladesh Government should immediately focus on their huge surface water management and reduce their permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Amitava Mukherjee; Mohammad Alauddin; M. Manzurul Hassan; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shymapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee; Shibtosh Roy; Quazi Quamruzzman; Mahmuder Rahman; Salim Morshed; Tanzima Islam; Shaharir Sorif; Selim; Razaul Islam; Monower Hossain. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh—21 Years of research. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2015, 31, 237 -248.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Amitava Mukherjee, Mohammad Alauddin, M. Manzurul Hassan, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Shymapada Pati, Subhash Chandra Mukherjee, Shibtosh Roy, Quazi Quamruzzman, Mahmuder Rahman, Salim Morshed, Tanzima Islam, Shaharir Sorif, Selim, Razaul Islam, Monower Hossain. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh—21 Years of research. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2015; 31 ():237-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Amitava Mukherjee; Mohammad Alauddin; M. Manzurul Hassan; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shymapada Pati; Subhash Chandra Mukherjee; Shibtosh Roy; Quazi Quamruzzman; Mahmuder Rahman; Salim Morshed; Tanzima Islam; Shaharir Sorif; Selim; Razaul Islam; Monower Hossain. 2015. "Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh—21 Years of research." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 31, no. : 237-248.
Arsenic contamination of groundwater has been detected in more than 70 countries and has become a major public health concern worldwide (Bundschuh et al. Environ Geochem Health 32:307–315, 2010). Arsenic contamination in groundwater of Southeast Asian regions received significant interest in recent years. In this region, countries affected with As in groundwater include Bangladesh, several states of India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Vietnam, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Cambodia, several provinces of China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Jilin, Shandong, Qinghai, Sichuan, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Henan, Gansu, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Hunan) and lowlands of Sumatra in Indonesia (Rahman et al. Environ Geochem Health 31:9–21, 2009; Yu et al. Environ Health Perspect 115:636–642, 2007).
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shibtosh Roy; Quazi Quamruzzaman; Mahmuder Rahman; Dipankar Chakraborti. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bengal Delta and Its Health Effects. Safe and Sustainable Use of Arsenic-Contaminated Aquifers in the Gangetic Plain 2015, 215 -253.
AMA StyleMohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Khitish Chandra Saha, Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Rathindra Nath Dutta, Shibtosh Roy, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Dipankar Chakraborti. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bengal Delta and Its Health Effects. Safe and Sustainable Use of Arsenic-Contaminated Aquifers in the Gangetic Plain. 2015; ():215-253.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Khitish Chandra Saha; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Shyamapada Pati; Rathindra Nath Dutta; Shibtosh Roy; Quazi Quamruzzaman; Mahmuder Rahman; Dipankar Chakraborti. 2015. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bengal Delta and Its Health Effects." Safe and Sustainable Use of Arsenic-Contaminated Aquifers in the Gangetic Plain , no. : 215-253.
This report summarizes recent findings of environmental arsenic (As) contamination and the consequent health effects in a community located near historic gold mining activities in the Mangalur greenstone belt of Karnataka, India. Arsenic contents in water, hair, nail, soil and food were measured by FI-HG-AAS. Elemental analyses of soils were determined by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). Of 59 tube-well water samples, 79% had As above 10 μg L−1 (maximum 303 μg L−1). Of 12 topsoil samples, six were found to contain As greater than 2000 mg kg−1 possibly indicating the impact of mine tailings on the area. All hair and nail samples collected from 171 residents contained elevated As. Arsenical skin lesions were observed among 58.6% of a total 181 screened individuals. Histopathological analysis of puncture biopsies of suspected arsenical dermatological symptoms confirmed the diagnosis in three out of four patients. Based on the time-course of As-like symptoms reported by the community as well as the presence of overt arsenicosis, it is hypothesized that the primary route of exposure in the study area was via contaminated groundwater; however, the identified high As content in residential soil could also be a significant source of As exposure via ingestion. Additional studies are required to determine the extent as well as the relative contribution of geologic and anthropogenic factors in environmental As contamination in the region. This study report is to our knowledge one of the first to describe overt arsenicosis in this region of Karnataka, India as well as more broadly an area with underlying greenstone geology and historic mining activity.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Matthew Murrill; Reshmi Das; Siddayya; S.G. Patil; Atanu Sarkar; Dadapeer H.J.; Saeed Yendigeri; Rishad Ahmed; Kusal K. Das. Environmental arsenic contamination and its health effects in a historic gold mining area of the Mangalur greenstone belt of Northeastern Karnataka, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2012, 262, 1048 -1055.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Matthew Murrill, Reshmi Das, Siddayya, S.G. Patil, Atanu Sarkar, Dadapeer H.J., Saeed Yendigeri, Rishad Ahmed, Kusal K. Das. Environmental arsenic contamination and its health effects in a historic gold mining area of the Mangalur greenstone belt of Northeastern Karnataka, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2012; 262 ():1048-1055.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Matthew Murrill; Reshmi Das; Siddayya; S.G. Patil; Atanu Sarkar; Dadapeer H.J.; Saeed Yendigeri; Rishad Ahmed; Kusal K. Das. 2012. "Environmental arsenic contamination and its health effects in a historic gold mining area of the Mangalur greenstone belt of Northeastern Karnataka, India." Journal of Hazardous Materials 262, no. : 1048-1055.
A direct water intake study was conducted for one year, involving 423 individuals from three arsenic (As) affected villages of West Bengal, India. Average direct water intake per person and per unit body weight was found to be 3.12 ± 1.17 L/day and 78.07 ± 47.08 mL/kg/day (± SD), respectively. Average direct water intakes for adult males, adult females and children (age < 15 years) were 3.95, 3.03 and 2.14 L/day, respectively. Significant sex differentials were observed between ages 16–55 years. For all participants, a sharp increase in water intake up to 15 years of age was observed followed by a plateau at a higher intake level. Significant monthly, seasonal, regional, and occupational variability was also observed. Another study involving 413 subjects determined the amount of indirect water intake. Average indirect water intake per person was 1.80 ± 0.64 L/day; for adult males, adult females and children, intake was 2.15, 1.81, and 1.10 L/day, respectively. Average total (direct + indirect) water intake was 4.92 L/person/day; for adult males, adult females and children, total intake was 6.10, 4.84, and 3.24 L/person/day, respectively. The overall contribution of indirect water intake to total water consumption was 36.6% for all participants. This study additionally elucidated several factors that contribute to variable water intake, which can lead to better risk characterization of subpopulations and water contaminant ingestion. The study reveals that the water intake rates in the three studied populations in West Bengal are greater than the assumed water intake rates utilized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the establishment of drinking water quality guidelines; therefore, these assumed intake values may be inappropriate for the study population as well as similar ones.
M. Amir Hossain; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Matthew Murrill; Bhaskar Das; Bimol Roy; Shankar Dey; Debasish Maity; Dipankar Chakraborti. Water consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, India. Science of The Total Environment 2012, 463-464, 1217 -1224.
AMA StyleM. Amir Hossain, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Matthew Murrill, Bhaskar Das, Bimol Roy, Shankar Dey, Debasish Maity, Dipankar Chakraborti. Water consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, India. Science of The Total Environment. 2012; 463-464 ():1217-1224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Amir Hossain; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Matthew Murrill; Bhaskar Das; Bimol Roy; Shankar Dey; Debasish Maity; Dipankar Chakraborti. 2012. "Water consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, India." Science of The Total Environment 463-464, no. : 1217-1224.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Bhaskar Das; Matthew T. Murrill. Examining India’s Groundwater Quality Management†. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45, 27 -33.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Bhaskar Das, Matthew T. Murrill. Examining India’s Groundwater Quality Management†. Environmental Science & Technology. 2011; 45 (1):27-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Bhaskar Das; Matthew T. Murrill. 2011. "Examining India’s Groundwater Quality Management†." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 1: 27-33.
Since 1996, 52,202 water samples from hand tubewells were analyzed for arsenic (As) by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) from all 64 districts of Bangladesh; 27.2% and 42.1% of the tubewells had As above 50 and 10 μg/l, respectively; 7.5% contained As above 300 μg/l, the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions. The groundwater of 50 districts contained As above the Bangladesh standard for As in drinking water (50 μg/l), and 59 districts had As above the WHO guideline value (10 μg/l). Water analyses from the four principal geomorphological regions of Bangladesh showed that hand tubewells of the Tableland and Hill tract regions are primarily free from As contamination, while the Flood plain and Deltaic region, including the Coastal region, are highly As-contaminated. Arsenic concentration was usually observed to decrease with increasing tubewell depth; however, 16% of tubewells deeper than 100 m, which is often considered to be a safe depth, contained As above 50 μg/l. In tubewells deeper than 350 m, As >50 μg/l has not been found. The estimated number of tubewells in 50 As-affected districts was 4.3 million. Based on the analysis of 52,202 hand tubewell water samples during the last 14 years, we estimate that around 36 million and 22 million people could be drinking As-contaminated water above 10 and 50 μg/l, respectively. However for roughly the last 5 years due to mitigation efforts by the government, non-governmental organizations and international aid agencies, many individuals living in these contaminated areas have been drinking As-safe water. From 50 contaminated districts with tubewell As concentrations >50 μg/l, 52% of sampled hand tubewells contained As <10 μg/l, and these tubewells could be utilized immediately as a source of safe water in these affected regions provided regular monitoring for temporal variation in As concentration. Even in the As-affected Flood plain, sampled tubewells from 22 thanas in 4 districts were almost entirely As-safe. In Bangladesh and West Bengal, India the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the challenge of managing available water resources. The development of community-specific safe water sources coupled with local participation and education are required to slow the current effects of widespread As poisoning and to prevent this disaster from continuing to plague individuals in the future.
Dipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bhaskar Das; Matthew Murrill; Sankar Dey; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Ratan Kumar Dhar; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Shibtosh Roy; Shahariar Sorif; Mohammad Selim; Mahmuder Rahman; Quazi Quamruzzaman. Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: A 14-year study report. Water Research 2010, 44, 5789 -5802.
AMA StyleDipankar Chakraborti, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Bhaskar Das, Matthew Murrill, Sankar Dey, Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, Ratan Kumar Dhar, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Shibtosh Roy, Shahariar Sorif, Mohammad Selim, Mahmuder Rahman, Quazi Quamruzzaman. Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: A 14-year study report. Water Research. 2010; 44 (19):5789-5802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDipankar Chakraborti; Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman; Bhaskar Das; Matthew Murrill; Sankar Dey; Subhas Chandra Mukherjee; Ratan Kumar Dhar; Bhajan Kumar Biswas; Uttam Kumar Chowdhury; Shibtosh Roy; Shahariar Sorif; Mohammad Selim; Mahmuder Rahman; Quazi Quamruzzaman. 2010. "Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: A 14-year study report." Water Research 44, no. 19: 5789-5802.