Advances in brain science and computer technology in the past decade have led to exciting developments in brain–computer interface (BCI), thereby making BCI a top research area in applied science. The renaissance of BCI opens new methods of neurorehabilitation for physically disabled people (e.g. paralyzed patients and amputees) and patients with brain injuries (e.g. stroke patients). Recent technological advances such as wireless recording, machine learning analysis, and real-time temporal resolution have increased interest in electroencephalographic (EEG) based BCI approaches. Many BCI studies have focused on decoding EEG signals associated with whole-body kinematics/kinetics, motor imagery, and various senses. Thus, there is a need to understand the various experimental paradigms used in EEG-based BCI systems. Moreover, given that there are many available options, it is essential to choose the most appropriate BCI application to properly manipulate a neuroprosthetic or neurorehabilitation device. The current review evaluates EEG-based BCI paradigms regarding their advantages and disadvantages from a variety of perspectives. For each paradigm, various EEG decoding algorithms and classification methods are evaluated. The applications of these paradigms with targeted patients are summarized. Finally, potential problems with EEG-based BCI systems are discussed, and possible solutions are proposed.

Significance: A majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are transmitted from animals. It is generally agreed that our behavior can influence our exposure to such pathogens, but little is known regarding our role in shaping evolution in such pathogens. Such understanding would aid in their control, to the benefit of public health. Our results indicate that expansion of agriculture influenced not only the biogeography but also the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii . By linking landscape ecology to parasite virulence, our framework contributes a fundamentally unique perspective on the ecology and evolution of infectious disease.

We report a novel electrorheological suspension based on two-dimensional polyaniline decorated graphene sheets, which exhibits enhanced electrorheological effect compared to the traditional granular polyaniline suspension under electric fields.

Coaxial cable-like conducting polyaniline (PANI)@titania nanofibers were synthesized and used as novel electrorheological materials. Under electric fields, the suspension of PANI@titania nanofibers showed notable yield stresses but significantly lower current densities compared to the suspension of pure PANI nanofibers.