At present, the main technological stages of oil production related to drilling operations require the use of a wide variety of drilling mud, which has a complex, multicomponent chemical composition. The drilling mud used and the resulting drilling waste must be safe for human health and the environment. The toxicity and hazard of drilling mud at this point in time remain poorly understood scientific problems and require detailing and studying in toxicological terms. The real degree of hazard and toxicity of drilling mud can only be determined by an experimental method, since its composition, which changes depending on the nature of the technological process and its degree of depletion, is not constant, which can change the toxicological properties. In an experiment conducted on adult male rats, under conditions of a single intragastric injection of drilling mud, new data were obtained regarding the parameters of its toxicity and hazard. The use of a wide variety of methods for determining lethal doses of drilling mud, including the probit analysis method, made it possible not only to substantiate the mean lethal dose of drilling mud but also other parameters of toxicity and survival of animals in the experimental groups. Features of eating behavior and body weight dynamics and the nature of the behavioral reactions revealed by the number and duration of stands and frequency and duration of grooming also indicate the presence of dose-dependent effects.

Regenerative effects of sea anemone-derived exosomes on human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) were investigated. Water-based extracts from regenerating Aulactinia stella tissue were collected at various time points, and exosomes were extracted after inducing wounds. Both the extract and exosomes were tested on HFF for proliferation and in vitro wound healing. In silico analysis explored protein-protein docking between regenerative exosome proteins and HFF receptors. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide proliferation assay and in vitro wound healing test of aquatic extract showed proliferative effects on HFF cell lines, with the 60 μg/mL concentration significantly enhancing cell migration. Exosomes were characterised. Exosomes showed a significantly positive effect on cell proliferation and migration at the 50 µg/mL concentration 48 h post-wound induction. In silico analysis revealed potential binding affinities between exosome proteins and HFF receptors. In conclusion, optimised concentrations of A. stella-derived exosomes exhibited positive effects on HFF regeneration and migration, suggesting their potential in accelerating wound healing.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with significant potential in clinical applications, particularly in diagnostics and therapeutics. Effective exosome isolation is critical to ensuring their functionality and integrity, especially for clinical uses such as regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. This mini-review provides a comparative analysis of three primary exosome isolation methods: ultracentrifugation (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and microfluidic-based techniques. UC, a traditional and widely used method, is effective but lacks scalability and may compromise exosome integrity. SEC offers high purity and scalability, making it a favorable option for clinical-grade applications. Meanwhile, microfluidic-based methods provide high precision and rapid processing, with potential in diagnostic and point-of-care applications, though challenges in scalability limit their use in large-scale production. Overall, SEC shows the most promise for clinical exosome production, with microfluidic techniques offering specialized utility in diagnostics. This review underscores the importance of selecting an appropriate isolation technique to advance exosome-based clinical applications.

Introduction: This study investigates the skin-irritating and skin-resorptive effects of drilling fluid (DF) through acute and subacute experiments conducted on adult rabbits and sexually mature male and female rats. Methods: Acute and subacute experiments were conducted on adult rabbits and sexually mature male and female rats. The acute experiment involved a single exposure to DF, while the subacute study involved repeated dermal exposure. Various physiological, biochemical, and histopathological assessments were performed to evaluate the effects. Results: The results of the acute experiment demonstrated that DF exhibits a mild skin-irritating effect but causes significant irritation to the ocular mucous membranes in rabbits. In the subacute study, dermal exposure to DF led to notable alterations in the physiological and biochemical status of rats, including reduced food and water intake, decreased body weight gain, and significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. An increase in the relative count of certain leukocyte populations was observed, with a statistically significant elevation in absolute eosinophil counts in both sexes. Similar trends were observed for basophils and lymphocytes. Moderate elevations in serum enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and LDH) indicated systemic toxicity. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the skin further supported the dermal toxicity of DF, revealing epidermal keratinization, marked proliferation of germinative layer cells, and cellular heterotopia. In the basal layer of the epidermis, cells exhibited signs of intracellular edema. The papillary layer showed moderate focal inflammatory infiltrates, while the reticular dermis displayed edema of fibrous structures, swelling of collagen fibers, and increased fiber thickness. Discussion: These findings collectively demonstrate that the tested drilling fluid possesses significant dermal and systemic toxicity, indicating potential health risks for mammals upon repeated exposure.

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that play essential roles in intercellular communication, carrying biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and RNAs that can influence physiological and pathological processes. The isolation of pure exosomes is critical for both basic research and clinical applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. Traditional exosome isolation techniques, such as ultracentrifugation, lack specificity and may yield impure samples, making the need for advanced isolation techniques evident. Ligand-based exosome affinity purification (LEAP) column chromatography has emerged as a novel method that utilizes specific ligands targeting exosome surface markers, providing a highly specific, gentle, and scalable approach to exosome isolation. This mini review explores LEAP chromatography’s mechanism, benefits, and potential for clinical applications, emphasizing its g.rowing importance in exosome-based diagnostics and therapies.