The thyroid of dogs has not been extensively studied in 2D shear-wave elastography, making it challenging to apply this technique in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases in a non-invasive manner. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thyroid glands of healthy dogs using 2D shear-wave elastography in order to establish qualitative and quantitative parameters of tissue stiffness in dogs in different age groups. A total of 31 dogs of various breeds, sexes, and sizes were evaluated. Animals with clinical signs or ultrasound findings indicative of endocrine disease or thyroid lesions were excluded from the study. The shear-wave velocity data in meters per second (m/s) and color elastograms were evaluated and calculated using QelaXto™ 2D software. A healthy thyroid exhibits a blue-color elastogram, indicative of low stiffness. The reference range for the shear-wave velocity of thyroid tissue assessed by 2D shear-wave elastography can be between 1.6 and 2.0 m/s, with a variation of ±0.889 in adult and senior dogs.

Sixty adrenals of 30 dogs were evaluated, divided into three groups, according to age: Group 1 = healthy youngsters (10 animals) - from one to three years old; Group 2 = healthy adults (10 animals) - four to nine years old; and Group 3 = healthy senile animals (10 animals) - older than ten years old. The experimental design was randomized, with a significance of 5%. There was a significant difference (P=0.017) in length between young and elderly dogs. The thickness of the cranial pole showed a significant difference (P=0.001) between young and adults when compared with the elderly group. The thickness of the caudal pole was not significant for adults when compared to elderly and young people. Between elderly and young, the difference was significant (P=0.024). The mean speeds differed between the groups of young and adult animals regarding the left adrenal and its cranial pole. The hardness pattern and its measurements can vary in healthy dogs of different ages, being more rigid in the cranial pole of the left adrenal in young dogs.

El objetivo de este relato es difundir los hallazgos ecográficos de meningoencefalitis en un perro, diagnosticado mediante análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo colectado mediante punción guiada por ecografía. El paciente presentaba caminar en círculos, ausencia de reacción al reflejo de amenaza bilateral, disminución del reflejo palpebral izquierdo, estrabismo divergente del ojo derecho, sensación nasal negativa en el lado derecho y aumento de volumen de la región frontal del cráneo con presencia de fontanela abierta. La sospecha clínica fue hidrocefalia y/o enfermedad inflamatoria/infecciosa. La prueba rápida de moquillo fue negativa. El perfil hematológico mostró un aumento de la enzima alanina aminotransferasa. El examen ecográfico se realizó con el paciente en decúbito esternal, utilizando un transductor lineal (9,0 MHz). Las imágenes se obtuvieron en cortes longitudinales y transversales a través de las ventanas temporales y fontanela bregmática. Se observó la presencia de un marcado contenido anecogénico con moderada cantidad de particulas hiperecogénicas flotantes, con retracción y aumento de la ecogenicidad del cerebro. El líquido cefalorraquídeo fue colectado utilizando la fontanela bregmática para a punción guiada por ecografia, bajo anestesia general. La meningoencefalitis fue identificada pues se encontraron células mononucleadas y glóbulos rojos en el análisis del líquido cefalorraquídeo. El paciente no regresó para iniciar el tratamiento e investigar la causa de la meningoencefalitis.

Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to evaluate its diagnostic capacity. Seven dogs with urothelial carcinoma and nine healthy dogs were evaluated, comparing shear wave velocity (SWV) and bladder wall thickness between the groups. The results showed that SWV was significantly higher in dogs with urothelial carcinoma (median of 2.53 m/s) compared with healthy dogs (median of 1.41 m/s) (p = 0.0045). Bladder wall thickness was also greater in dogs with carcinoma (0.28 ± 0.05 cm) compared to healthy dogs (0.14 ± 0.26 cm) (p = 0.0003). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) for SWV in differentiating healthy and neoplastic tissues. These findings suggest that ARFI elastography is a promising tool for diagnosing urothelial carcinoma in dogs, offering a noninvasive and quantitative approach that can complement traditional diagnostic methods. ARFI elastography may aid in early diagnosis and clinical management, improving the prognosis of patients with bladder neoplasia.

Background: Calcium carbide has been used not only in industry, but it is also present in the domestic environment. Thissubstance goes through chemical reactions that lead to the release of acetylene gas and heat being capable of causing burns, damage to mucous membranes, eyes and skin, central nervous system depression and also described as an anesthetic agent. It is lethal in concentrations of 35 % for humans and 80 % for dogs. Although reports that involve this substance in animals as scarce, emergency calls related to intoxication are part of the small animal clinical routine. This report aims to describe laboratory and ultrasonography findings in a case of carbide poisoning in a dog.Case: A 8-year-old American Staffordshire Terrier with a history of emesis, bloody diarrhea, hiporexy, oligodipsy and ingestion of calcium carbide for 3 days was admitted for medical care at the University Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). The patient had a previous diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism which was treated with sodium liothyronine 800 mg prescribed by another professional and whose dose was reduced to 600 mg by the owner without veterinary indication. Physical examination showed a high body score, evident lameness of the hind limbs, hyperemic mucosa with elevated time of capillary perfusion and an increase of mandibular and popliteal lymph nodes. Dehydration, fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates and skin lesions of the front limbs were also noted. The main possible differentiate diagnosis based on these clinical signs and history presented by the patient were poisoning calcium carbide intoxication, diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism. The dog was hospitalized to receive initial treatment and undergo further examination The first treatment instituted was dipyrone [Dipyrone Ibasa 50%® - 15 mg/kg, i.v, TID, for 3 days], tramadol hydrochloride [3 mL/kg, i.v, TID, for 2 days], sucralfate [Sucrafilm® - 5 mg/mL, v.o, TID, for 2 days],maropitant citrate [Cerenia® - 0.1 mg/kg, sc, SID, for 3 days], omeprazole [1 mg/kg, i.v, SID, for 3 days], levothyroxine [300 mg, ½ (half) tablet, v.o, BID, for 2 days]. Blood results have shown leukocytosis (19,600; reference 5,700-14,200) e lymphopenia (196/μL; reference 900/μL-4,700/μL) and in the biochemical tests, there was an increase in triglycerides (175 mg/L; reference 23 mg/L-102 mg/L), without signs of renal or hepatic lesions. In the ultrasonography exam, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly with a heterogeneous parenchyma were noticed. Alteration of the gastrointestinal tract with a thickened wall was also noticed associated with gas in the digestive tract and hyperechoic area in mucous layer. These findings are compatible with reports of mucosal irritation associated with this substance. The pancreas parenchyma was slightly heterogeneous and hyperechoic with enlargement of the body and small disperse hyperechoic focuses. Left adrenal images were compatible with clinical suspicions of hyperadrenocorticism.Discussion: All the alterations found in the imaging exam were compatible with the clinical signs due to direct contact with the substance in question. Dystrophic mineralization focuses found in spleen and pancreas can be due to the alterations of phosphorus and calcium even if not described in literature associated with calcium carbide poisoning. In conclusion, the clinical signs presented, and the image findings of this patient confirmed the danger and potentially lethal effects of the contact and ingestion of calcium carbide. The literature about this subject is scarce and deeply in need of more attention associated with new measures for prevention, instruction to owners and development of diagnose and treatment emergency protocols of these animals. Keywords: ultrasonography, dog, intoxication, toxicity.

Background: Histiocytic sarcoma is a malignant tumor that commonly affects large-breed, middle-aged dogs in the form of solitary masses that may affect joints and other organs. The imaging findings (radiography, ultrasound and elastography) of synovial histiocytic sarcoma correlated with cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests are still poorly described in the veterinary literature. The aim of this report was to describe the main imaging findings of an articular histiocytic sarcoma on radiography, B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography and to correlate them with cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry tests.Case: A 7-year-old castred male Rottweiler was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (HOVET) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP, Pirassununga campus) with the main complaint of pain and increased volume in the left thoracic limb in the region of the elbow joint. The animal received a physical examination, including palpation of the volume enlargement, which had an irregular, verrucous appearance and painful sensitivity on palpation. In order to assess the extent of the lesion and the involvement of the elbow joint, the patient was referred to the imaging department for imaging tests. The radiography revealed a lytic and proliferative bone lesion that could be of inflammatory, neoplastic, or degenerative joint disease origin. The animal was referred for cytological examination to clarify the case, which characterized the lesion as an active chronic inflammatory process. The ultrasound revealed areas of heterogeneous echotexture interspersed with anechogenic areas in the periarticular and articular regions. The areas identified by ultrasound were stained red on the color elastogram by qualitative elastography. The quantitative elastography showed an average shear wave velocity of approximately 2.80 m/s in the ROI. The elastographic examination demonstrated high tissue stiffness, which is indicative of malignancy. Based on these results, the patient was referred for bone biopsy and samples were collected for histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination. The examinations characterized the increase in volume as a synovial histiocytic sarcoma.Discussion: The aim of this report was to highlight the fundamental role of shear wave elastography in the evaluation oftumors and periarticular volume increases as a predictor of malignancy. The report described the main imaging findingsof an articular histiocytic sarcoma on radiography, B-mode ultrasound, and shear wave elastography. The radiographic findings of the patient were consistent with lytic and proliferative bone lesions. Shear wave elastography was performed as a way of predicting the malignancy of the lesion and confirm the cytological finding of an inflammatory lesion. It played a fundamental role in assessing the stiffness of the mass. In this case, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics indicated that it was a malignant process. Strain and shear wave elastography can therefore be established as a diagnostic tool to help reduce the misclassification of histiocytic sarcoma and other tumors. Veterinarians can refer samples with high wave velocity values and a reddish color elastogram to the most recommended tests for diagnosing malignant tumors, which will allow for the most appropriate therapy to be instituted. This report was able to combine radiographic, ultrasound and elastographic findings to characterize an articular histiocystic sarcoma as completely as possible.Keywords: histiocytic sarcoma, imaging , dog, elastography.