Gut modulation by multi-strain probiotics (MSPs) is considered an effective strategy for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The combination of nanomaterial-based MSPs can improve their viability and resistance and can allow their targeted release in the gastrointestinal tract to be achieved. Thus, our aim is to investigate the prospective role of MSP integration into nanomaterials (MSPNPs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms supporting their application as an alternative therapy for IBD using a colitis rat model. To induce the colitis model, rats received 5% DSS, and the efficacy of disease progression after oral administration of MSPNPs was assessed by evaluating the severity of clinical signs, inflammatory response, expressions of tight-junction-related genes and NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 genes, microbial composition and histopathological examination of colonic tissues. The oral administration of MSPNPs successfully alleviated the colonic damage induced by DSS as proved by the reduced severity of clinical signs and fecal calprotectin levels. Compared with the untreated DSS-induced control group, the high activities of colonic NO and MPO and serum CRP levels were prominently reduced in rats treated with MSPNPs. Of note, colonic inflammation in the group treated with MSPNPs was ameliorated by downstreaming NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, IL-18 and IL-1β expressions. After colitis onset, treatment with MSPNPs was more effective than that with free MSPs in restoring the expressions of tight-junction-related genes (upregulation of occludin, ZO-1, JAM, MUC and FABP-2) and beneficial gut microbiota. Interestingly, treatment with MSPNPs accelerated the healing of intestinal epithelium as detected in histopathological findings. In conclusion, the incorporation of MPSs into nanomaterials is recommended as a perspective strategy to overcome the challenges they face and augment their therapeutic role for treating of colitis.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is often used as a chemotherapeutic agent in treating tumors and is said to have adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris (VL) and Saccharum officinarum L. (SOL) against 5-FU-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through the measurement of renal histology, kidney damage indicators, and antioxidant measures. A total of forty-eight male rats were allotted into six groups: group 1 acted as a control negative group (control), group 2 received 5-FU and worked as a control positive group (FU), group 3 received SOL 15 mL/kg (SOL), group 4 received VL 400 mg/kg (VL), group 5 received 5-FU+SOL (5-FU+SOL), and group 6 received 5-FU+VL (5-FU+VL). After fifteen days, blood and renal tissue specimens were collected for hematological, biochemical, molecular, and histopathological examinations. Findings of the current investigation showed that 5-FU leads to hematological alterations and kidney injury evinced by elevated serum concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea (p < 0.01), and a marked increase in kidney MDA and NO levels with a reduction in kidney CAT, SOD and GSH activities (p < 0.05). Alterations of the histopathological structure of kidney tissue in the FU group were noticed compared to the other groups. 5-FU administration elevated expression levels of TNF-α, lipocalin 2, and KIM1 (p < 0.01) compared to the control ones. 5-FU-induced nephrotoxicity was ameliorated after treatment with SOL and VL via their free radical scavenging, potent antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the treatment with SOL and VL significantly improved nephrotoxicity induced by 5-FU in rats.

This study was intended to studying polymorphisms of HSP70 and HSP90β genes and its possible association with heat resistance in Fayoumi and Leghorn chickens. Chickens of each breed were classified phenotypically to heat susceptible and heat resistant groups based on chicken behavior during heat stress period. PCR-RFLP technique was used to genotype HSP70 and HSP90β genes polymorphisms. Digestion of an amplified 360 bp of HSP70 gene with EaeI restriction enzyme resulted in three genotypes, E1E1, E1E2 and E2E2. Results analysis indicated that there were no significant differences of different genotypes between heat susceptible and heat resistant Fayoumi chickens. In Leghorn chickens the genotype E2E2 was found in almost heat susceptible chickens with frequency of 0.75% and can be used as a marker for heat susceptibility while, E1E1 genotype occurs with frequency of 0.6 % in heat resistant chickens and can be used as heat resistance marker. Digestion of HSP90β gene amplified 498 bp with MspI restriction enzyme resulted in one genotype M1M1 in both heat susceptible and heat resistant Fayoumi chickens. Also, all leghorn resistant chickens showed M1M1 genotype. While, the genotype frequency in Leghorn susceptible chickens were 0.7 M1M1 and 0.3 M1M2. Accordingly, the HSP90β heterozygous M1M2 genotype can be used as marker assisted selection for culling of heat susceptible birds.

There is a scarcity of published data regarding embryonic development in rabbits. The current study was conducted to evaluate the development of the stomach in rabbit fetuses and the expression of the transcription factor GATA4 during different stages of development. This study was conducted on 40 rabbit fetuses for morphology, histology, and GATA4 expression. The rabbits used were seemingly healthy white New Zealand pregnant females (aged 1.5- 3 years and weighing 2- 4.5 kg). The morphology and histology of rabbit fetuses' stomachs (22 fetuses) were examined using a light microscope on days 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 26 of the rabbit's gestation period. The expression of GATA4 in rabbit fetuses (18 fetuses) on developmental days (20, 22, and 26) was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results indicated that the initial stomach appeared as a fusiform widening in the posterior part of the foregut on day 10. The mucous membrane was significantly thickened, and the formation of the gastric gland commenced on day 18. On day 22, the lining epithelium transformed into the pseudostratified epithelium, and the mucosal folds exhibited more clarity. On day 26, the lining epithelium of the stomach had changed into a simple columnar epithelium. Additionally, the mucosal folds and gastric pits were fully developed in all stomach areas. The stomach glands displayed exceptional transparency and were fully developed. Analysis of qRT-PCR data showed a significant increase in GATA4 mRNA expression in the embryonic stomach on gestational days 20, 22, and 26 as the pregnancy progressed. In conclusion, this study comprehensively described the morphological and histological development of the rabbit stomach. It demonstrated a substantial upregulation of GATA4 mRNA expression as gestation advanced, indicating its crucial role in stomach development.