Branched-chain hydroxy acids (BCHAs) as bioactive metabolites of Lactobacillaceae include 2-hydroxy isovaleric acid (HIVA), 2-hydroxy isocaproic acid (HICA), and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl isovaleric acid (HMVA). Combining targeted and untargeted metabolomics, this study elucidates differences in extracellular BCHA production in Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, and Latilactobacillus sakei alongside comparing comprehensive metabolic changes. Through targeted metabolomics, BCHA production among 38 strains exhibited strain specificity, except for L. sakei, which showed significantly lower BCHA production. Explaining the lower production in L. sakei, which lacks the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-utilizing pathway, comparison of BCHA production by precursor reaction revealed that the pathway utilizing BCAAs is more dominant than the pathway utilizing pyruvate. Expanding upon the targeted approach, untargeted metabolomics revealed the effects of the reaction compound on other metabolic pathways besides BCHAs. Metabolism alterations induced by BCAA reactions varied among species. Significant differences were observed in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and galactose metabolism (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of the synergy between fermentation strains and substrates in influencing nutritional components of fermented foods. By uncovering novel aspects of BCAA metabolism pathways, this study could inform the selection of fermentation strains and support the targeted production of BCHAs.

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by dysregulated host responses to infection. In addition to early hyperinflammation, many patients develop profound immune suppression, and multiple targeted immunotherapies have failed to improve outcomes, highlighting the need for actionable biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies. Here, we integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes in rat models of polymicrobial sepsis to identify metabolites associated with immune dysfunction. Candidate findings were validated using in vivo supplementation studies and in vitro functional assays, and clinical relevance was assessed in PBMCs from patients with sepsis and healthy volunteers. Across omics datasets, intracellular aspartate (ASP) was consistently reduced in immune cells during sepsis and was associated with features of immune paralysis. Supplementation with L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA), an ASP source, improved survival in septic rats, enhanced bacterial clearance, and mitigated acute kidney injury. In vitro, pharmacologic or genetic disruption of ASP production impaired phagocytosis and cytokine responses, which were partially rescued by ASP supplementation. Consistently, patients with sepsis exhibited lower intracellular ASP levels in PBMCs than healthy volunteers. Together, these results support a critical role for ASP in maintaining immune competence during sepsis and suggest that intracellular ASP may serve as a biomarker of immune suppression and a potential therapeutic target.

Oxylipins, the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are vital in regulating cell proliferation and inflammation. Among these oxylipins, specialized pro-resolving mediators notably contribute to inflammation resolution. Previously, we showed that the specialized pro-resolving mediators isomer 11,17dihydroxy docosapentaenoic acid (11,17diHDoPE) can be synthesized in bacterial cells and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in mammalian cells. This study investigates the in vivo impact of 11,17diHDoPE in mice exposed to particulate matter 10 (PM10). Our results indicate that 11,17diHDoPE significantly mitigates PM10-induced lung inflammation in mice, as evidenced by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and pulmonary inflammation-related gene expression. Metabolomic analysis reveals that 11,17diHDoPE modulates inflammation-related metabolites such as threonine, 2-keto gluconic acid, butanoic acid, and methyl oleate in lung tissues. In addition, 11,17diHDoPE upregulates the LA-derived oxylipin pathway and downregulates arachidonic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipin pathways in serum. Correlation analyses between gene expression and metabolite changes suggest that 11,17diHDoPE alleviates inflammation by interfering with macrophage differentiation. These findings underscore the in vivo role of 11,17diHDoPE in reducing pulmonary inflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for respiratory diseases.