The microbial community of the human gut has a crucial role in sustaining host homeostasis. High-throughput DNA sequencing has delineated the structural and functional configurations of gut metagenomes in world populations. The microbiota of the Russian population is of particular interest to researchers, because Russia encompasses a uniquely wide range of environmental conditions and ethnogeographical cohorts. Here we conduct a shotgun metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota samples from 96 healthy Russian adult subjects, which reveals novel microbial community structures. The communities from several rural regions display similarities within each region and are dominated by the bacterial taxa associated with the healthy gut. Functional analysis shows that the metabolic pathways exhibiting differential abundance in the novel types are primarily associated with the trade-off between the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla. The specific signatures of the Russian gut microbiota are likely linked to the host diet, cultural habits and socioeconomic status.

Рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни

The high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and the variety of gastroduodenal diseases caused by this pathogen necessitate the use of only accurate methods both for the primary diagnosis and for monitoring the eradication effectiveness. There is a broad spectrum of diagnostic methods available for detecting H. pylori. All methods can be classified as invasive or non-invasive. The need for upper endoscopy, different clinical circumstances, sensitivity and specificity, and accessibility defines the method chosen. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the current options and novel developments in diagnostic tests for H. pylori detection. The progress in endoscopic modalities has made it possible not only to diagnose precancerous lesions and early gastric cancer but also to predict H. pylori infection in real time. The contribution of novel endoscopic evaluation technologies in the diagnosis of H. pylori such as visual endoscopy using blue laser imaging (BLI), linked color imaging (LCI), and magnifying endoscopy is discussed. Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of artificial intelligence to predict H. pylori status based on endoscopic images. Non-invasive diagnostic tests such as the urea breathing test and stool antigen test are recommended for primary diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Serology can be used for initial screening and epidemiological studies. The histology showed its value in detecting H. pylori and provided more information about the degree of gastric mucosa inflammation and precancerous lesions. Molecular methods are mainly used in detecting antibiotic resistance of H. pylori. Cultures from gastric biopsies are the gold standard and recommended for antibiotic susceptibility tests.

Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени у взрослых: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Рекомендации для терапевтов, третья версия

Синдром повышенной эпителиальной проницаемости в клинической практике. Мультидисциплинарный национальный консенсус

Aim:present clinical guidelines, aimed at general practitioners, gastroenterologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, comprise up-to-date methods of diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Key points.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the most wide-spread chronic liver disease, is characterized by accumulation of fat by more than 5 % of hepatocytes and presented by two histological forms: steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical guidelines provide current views on pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a multisystem disease, methods of invasive and noninvasive diagnosis of steatosis and liver fibrosis, principles of nondrug treatment and pharmacotherapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated conditions. Complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease include aggravation of cardiometabolic risks, development of hepatocellular cancer, progression of liver fibrosis to cirrhotic stage.Conclusion.Progression of liver disease can be avoided, cardiometabolic risks can be reduced and patients' prognosis — improved by the timely recognition of diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated comorbidities and competent multidisciplinary management of these patients.