The focus of the paper is on the renewable energy-based rural electrification system. Two concepts have been used in finding solutions to the issues related to this micro-grid system. The first is the best fitted model of hybrid configuration system, which utilizes village-owned resources, such as abundant biomass and solar irradiation. The second is that observed improved performance in terms of system sizing, techno-economic performance, and environmental stability of the hybrid model over different power storage backup media. The practical aspects and suggestion over the hybrid village electrification system have been presented through a case study of Korkadu village, Puducherry state, India. A comparative analysis of the hybrid model has been made with different power storage backup systems, namely the solid-state battery (lead acid-ASM battery, Li-ion-ASM battery) and flow battery (Redflow ZBM2 battery) arrangement. The result revealed hybrid rural electrification system with LI battery as the most favourable choice of the electrification system to the village, considering that its economic factor includes the total net present cost, cost of energy are found to be lowest. The technical parameters of power production capacity surface and battery state of charge were observed to be optimum with reduction in the environmental pollution parameter (GHS emission) value.

Indeed, high yielding and high-grade crop production are crucial in modern agriculture, and smart farming technologies like vertical hydroponic farming can play a significant role in achieving these goals. The proposed vertical hydroponic system appears to be quite advanced and promising. Maintaining a cool and controlled environment is essential for optimal plant growth. Grow lights provide the necessary spectrum and intensity for photosynthesis, enabling plants to grow efficiently. Proper monitoring of water levels and moisture content ensures that plants receive an adequate supply of nutrients, preventing over or under-watering. The use of an Arduino controller with a keypad allows for user inputs and customization of the hydroponic system. Farmers can set parameters for water changes, flow rates, and indoor temperature to tailor the system to specific plant requirements. Monitoring and controlling various environmental parameters like light intensity, pH levels, electrical conductivity, water temperature, and relative humidity are essential for achieving the best possible crop yields and quality. Sensors and actuators help achieve this precision. The Internet of Things (IoT) integration allows for real-time data transfer and retrieval. Hydroponic Hardware prototype is proposed by combining these advanced technologies, the system can create an optimal environment for plant growth while minimizing resource wastage and maximizing yields. It’s worth noting that as technology continues to evolve, there will likely be further advancements in smart farming systems.