Water deficit is a decisive challenge that tremendously affects maize physiological functions and productivity. Hence, it is crucial to ameliorate its tolerance to drought stress, in particular under abrupt climate change and a growing population. The present study aimed to explore the influence of exogenously sprayed moringa seed extract (Moringa oleifera) and α-tocopherol on physio-biochemical, morphological, and yield attributes of six diverse maize hybrids under three irrigation levels in poor-fertility sandy soil. The applied irrigation regimes were based on estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET) using the FAO Penman–Monteith equation. A split–split plot arrangement with a randomized complete block design and three replicates was applied for different treatments. Irrigation levels (100% ET, 75% ET and 50% ET) were established in the main plots, while foliar applications (moringa extract and α-tocopherol) were located in subplots and the assessed hybrids (SC162, SC166, SC167, SC168, SC176, and SC178) in subsubplots. Mild (75% ET) and severe (50% ET) drought stress gradually reduced the gas exchange, photosynthetic efficiency, water relations, and yield traits compared with well-watered conditions (100% ET). However, foliar application of moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol was effective in reinforcing maize tolerance to drought stress by enhancing the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving antioxidant enzymes, and decreasing levels of peroxidation of membrane lipids and electrolyte leakage compared to untreated control. These positive impacts were reflected in boosting yield traits and crop water productivity under water deficit conditions. The physiological and agronomic performance of the assessed maize hybrids considerably varied under water deficit conditions. The hybrids SC168, SC176, and SC178 exhibited the best performance under mild and severe drought conditions compared with the other hybrids. Consequently, the integration of exogenously applied moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol with tolerant maize hybrids such as SC168, SC176, and SC178 is an efficient approach to ameliorating drought tolerance under water-scarce conditions in arid environments.

Using of magnetized water has shown several advantages including improvement quality of irrigation water and increase the productivity of vegetable crops. Therefore, the present work was carried out to study the response of growth, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency of cowpea for irrigation with two types of irrigation water (magnetized and non-magnetized water) under two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (100 and 75 % of the recommended rate) during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019. The results cleared that all yield parameters increased significantly when irrigation occurred using magnetic water, such as total yield which increased by about 26 and 31% in the first and second season, respectively. Concerning the effects of magnetized water, the results reflected that irrigation with magnetic water significantly increased the values of the water use efficiency from 0.40 and 0.42 kg/m3 to 0.52 and 0.54 kg/m3 with magnetic water in both growing seasons. The gradual increases of nitrogen fertilizer levels were accompanied with significant increases on vegetative growth and yield, as well as nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. The interaction effects between types of irrigation water and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected all treatments and reflected a positive impact. The results reflect the possibility of reducing the applied rate of nitrogen fertilizer when cowpea plants irrigated with magnetized water to a percentage 25% without affecting the different studied characters. As well as many benefits for cowpea plants such as enhancing vegetative growth, increasing yield, improving crop quality were achieved.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of magnetic water technique and different stocking density on water quality parameters and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Magnetic water at 14500 gausses (1.45 Tesla) was used compared with normal water (0 gauss) for experimental groups of fish which reared with three different levels of stocking density 12, 25, 50 fish/m3 and each group was replicated with an average initial weight 10 g/fish. Experimental fish were fed on commercial diet (25 % protein). The fish tanks were supplied with aeration and filtration systems. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that water quality and growth performance improved significantly (P

This work aims to calculate of water requirements for carrot under sprinkler irrigation in sandy loam soil at Selkovo village, Sergiev Posad District, Moscow Region, Russia, situated at 56° 35' N latitude, and 38° 09' E longitude. The average yields were 54 ton/ha for the first season and 58.8 ton/ha for the second season for carrot. The total water requirements were 344 mm (3440 m3/ha) and 338 mm (3380 m3/ha), during two successive seasons respectively. The average of temperature of July 17.8 oC at the average of relative humidity of 61%. The relationships between water requirements (E, mm/day) and deficits relative humidity (ds, mbar) having the following formula: Е = a dsb (1) Where, a, b - empirical coefficients of the regression equation. At using experimental data through the two seasons of carrot. That equal a = 1.06 and b = 0.86 then the relation become ( Е = 1.06 ds 0.86 ) and the correlation coefficient was 0.959±0.073. This means that in 91.9% of the water consumption of carrot variations in these conditions due to variations in deficits air humidity. For calculating carrot water requirements under sprinkler irrigation was found as Е = КF KC а dsb considering КF– Coefficient depending on wetting pattern under sprinkler and КC – Crop coefficient. The experimental data for growth seasons during calculation the crop coefficient of carrot through growth season was found as Кc = 0.649 + 0.128 tr – 0.011 tr2 considering tr as decade number.

The scarcity of water become global problem, the "A" frame structure system is commercially extended in the hydroponics industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of different "A" frame angle design for NFT system design, water depth in pipes and pipes position, on growth of two leafy vegetables parameters. The treatments were the angle of "A" frame design (Ao), (45° and 60°), Water depths (4 and 6 cm), and leafy plants (lettuce and mint). The results indicated that, the changing angle from 180° to 60° and 60° to 45° decreased the occupied surface area by 45.0 % and 25.76 %, respectively. The light intensity values were decreased by changing the "A" frame angle from 60° to 45° by 26.4 % for lettuce and 32.0 % for mint. Changing the position of the pipe from center to bottom decreased the light intensity for lettuce by 9.2 % and 11.7 % for 45° and 60° angels, respectively. While increased by 21.2 % for mint with 45° angle only. Root length and stem diameter were increased by changing angle from 45° to 60° and water depth from 4 to 6 cm for both mint and lettuce plants. Optimal yields of lettuce and mint plants grown in "A" frame hydroponic system with 45° angle like those plants grown with 60° angle, indicating from no significant differences in the production of lettuce and mint plants. The "A" frame design with 45° angle can be recommended for production of lettuce and mint.