Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with the poor prognosis. Encouragingly, immune checkpoint blockade targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has dramatically changed the landscape for treatments in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a small proportion of NSCLC patients responded to monotherapy of anti-PD-1/PDL1 agents; together, the development of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy that leads to failure of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy has significantly limited a broad applicability of the findings in clinical practices. Nowadays, several companion diagnostic assays for PDL1 expression have been introduced for identifying patients who may benefit the immunotherapy. In addition, results from clinical trials explored combinatory therapeutic strategies with conventional and/or targeted therapy reported a higher efficacy with an acceptable safety profile in NSCLC treatments, as compared to the monotherapy of these agents alone. In this review article, we summarized several anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents licensed for NSCLC treatment, with a focus on predictive biomarkers and companion diagnostic assays for identification of NSCLC patients for immunotherapy anti-PD-1/PDL1 antibodies. Of a great interest, potentials of the combinatory therapy of anti-PD-1/PDL1 therapy with a conventional or targeted therapy, or other immunotherapy such as CAR-T cell therapy were emphasized in the article.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), one heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, have suppressive function on immune response during tumor, inflammation, infection and autoimmune diseases. The molecular mechanism underlying expansion and function of MDSCs is becoming appreciated to manipulate immune response in the diseases. MicroRNA (miRNAs) as one short noncoding RNAs, are involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation. However, it needs to be further studied how miRNAs mediate the development and function of MDSC in association with cancer and other diseases. In the review, we report and discuss recent studies that miRNAs networks regulate the differentiation, expansion and suppression function of MDSCs in tumor microenvironment or other diseases through different signaling pathways. Those studies may provide one novel potential approach for tumor immunotherapy.

Clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRC) is the most common type of renal carcinoma. We hope to find out the potential key genes playing important roles in CCRC genesis and progression by analysing the recent expression profiling by array from 2014 to 2016. In order to find out the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CCRC and normal renal tissue. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were carried out by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.8. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis of these DEGs was analyzed using the Search Tool for Recurring Instances of Neighbouring Genes (STRING). The results were then visualized by the software Cytoscape. The authors also used the online tool of Kaplan-Meier plotter survival analysis to assess the significance of the top ten genes in the prognosis of CCRC. A total of 192 DEGs were identified and the top ten key genes were picked out by the software Cytoscape. FN1, CXCR4, LOX, and PLG were then further screened out based on the overall survival analysis; SLC12A1 and LOX were screened out after the recurrence-free survival analysis. LOX was finally believed to be the most reliable prognostic factor since it has prognostic value for both overall survival and recurrence-free survival analysis. Our analysis suggests that LOX is the most reliable prognostic factor for CCRC patients. Key Words: Renal clear cell carcinoma, Microarray datasets, Bioinformatics approach, Prognostic factor, LOX.