Eucalyptus essential oils (EEOs) have gained significant attention recently anticipated to their broad range of prospective benefits in various biological applications. They have been proven to have strong antibacterial properties against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This makes them valuable in combating infections and supporting overall hygiene. The active compounds present in these oils can help alleviate inflammation, making them valuable in addressing inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, respiratory ailments, and skin disorders. Respiratory health benefits are another prominent aspect of EEOs. Inhalation of these oils can help promote clear airways, relieve congestion, and ease symptoms of respiratory conditions like coughs, colds, and sinusitis. They are often utilized in inhalation therapies and chest rubs. They can be used topically or in massage oils to alleviate muscle and joint pain. Furthermore, these oils have shown potential in supporting wound healing. Their antimicrobial activity helps prevent infection, while their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties contribute to reducing inflammation and pain associated with wounds. In aromatherapy, EEOs are renowned for their invigorating and uplifting qualities, promoting mental clarity, relaxation, and stress relief. Overall, EEOs hold great promise in biological applications, offering a natural and versatile approach to promote health and well-being. Continued research and exploration of their therapeutic potential will further unveil their benefits and broaden their applications in various fields.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disorder characterized by aberrant keratinocyte proliferation, immune cell dysregulation, and sustained inflammation driven by cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23. Despite advancements in biologic therapies, limitations related to cost, safety, and resistance have prompted interest in alternative strategies. This review explores the pharmacological basis of natural products as promising anti-psoriatic agents, focusing on compounds with multi-targeted mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. Key phytochemicals, such as curcumin, thymoquinone, glycyrrhizin, and boswellic acids, are examined for their roles in modulating psoriatic pathways like NF-κB, IL-23/Th17 axis, and oxidative stress. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies highlights their potential in reducing psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores, mitigating immune hyperactivity, and enhancing the safety and efficacy of standard therapies. Despite promising outcomes, translational hurdles persist, including extract standardization, pharmacokinetic limitations, and regulatory barriers. The integration of omics-based research and advanced formulation technologies is essential to support the clinical application of these agents. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of natural compounds as viable complements or alternatives in modern psoriasis management.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a significant clinical challenge characterized by hepatic dysfunction following exposure to diverse medications. Methotrexate (MTX) is a cornerstone in treating various cancers and autoimmune disorders. However, the clinical utility of MTX is overshadowed by its ability to induce hepatotoxicity. The current study aims to elucidate the hepatoprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Egyptian Araucaria heterophylla resin (AHR) on MTX-induced liver injury in rats. AHR (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased hepatic markers (AST, ALT, and ALP), accompanied by an elevation in the antioxidant’s markers (SOD, HO-1, and NQO1). AHR extract also significantly inhibited the TGF-β/NF-κB signaling pathway as well as the downstream cascade (IL-6, JAK, STAT-3, and cyclin D). The extract significantly reduced the expression of VEGF and p38 with an elevation in the BCL2 levels, in addition to a significant decrease in the IL-1β and TNF-α levels, with a prominent effect at a high dose (200 mg/kg). Using LC-HRMS/MS analysis, a total of 43 metabolites were tentatively identified, and diterpenes were the major class. This study presents AHR as a promising hepatoprotective agent through inhibition of the TGF-β/NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 pathways, besides its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Oral systemic therapies, including methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, and apremilast, remain integral to psoriasis management, particularly for patients with moderate-to-severe disease who cannot afford biologic therapy. While these treatments are effective, their long-term use is often limited by adverse effects, particularly hepatotoxicity. Methotrexate and acitretin are associated with liver toxicity, requiring regular monitoring, whereas cyclosporine presents a lower but notable risk. Apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, offers a safer hepatic profile but has lower efficacy than traditional systemic agents. Emerging therapies, such as TYK2 inhibitors, RORγt inhibitors, and novel PDE4 inhibitors, aim to improve treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Advances in understanding hepatotoxicity mechanisms have led to identifying predictive biomarkers and hepatoprotective strategies, including antioxidants and non-invasive imaging techniques. Personalized medicine approaches, including pharmacogenomics, are revolutionizing treatment selection by optimizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity risks. This comprehensive review examines oral psoriasis treatments’ efficacy and hepatotoxicity profiles, discusses novel therapeutic developments, and explores strategies for mitigating liver-related adverse effects. A balanced approach that integrates clinical monitoring, lifestyle modifications, and emerging precision medicine techniques is essential for optimizing long-term treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on refining predictive models for drug-induced liver injury and developing targeted therapies with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Graphical Abstract Created in BioRender. Elgindy, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/vcab653

In this comprehensive overview of chemotherapy-induced liver injury, various classes of chemotherapeutic agents were reviewed to elucidate the complex cellular events contributing to hepatotoxicity and potential mitigation strategies. Alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide and busulfan, exhibited diverse mechanisms, with compounds like fucoidan and pyrroloquinoline quinone demonstrating protective effects through modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways. Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity, characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighted the importance of addressing disruptions in lipid metabolism and the gut-liver axis. The multifaceted nature of cisplatin-induced liver damage emphasized the role of gastrointestinal microbiota and therapeutic interventions like curcumin. Anthracyclines, including doxorubicin and epirubicin, posed challenges in mitigating severe hepatotoxicity, with potential protective agents identified. Topoisomerase inhibitors, plant alkaloids, and antitumor antibodies showcased diverse impacts on liver function, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions. Targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents like L-asparaginase revealed distinct patterns of hepatotoxicity, prompting a nuanced understanding of patient safety. This comprehensive exploration offers a foundation for future research and therapeutic developments to enhance patient outcomes during chemotherapy.