Alpha arbutin is a skin-whitening agent in cosmetics. Structurally, it is 4-hydroxyphenyl-α-glucopyranoside. Ethosomes encourage the formation of lamellar-shaped vesicles with improved solubility and entrapment of whitening agents. The objective of this study was to fabricate an optimized nanostructured ethosomal gel loaded with alpha arbutin for the treatment of skin pigmentation.

This research aimed to enhance dermal delivery and optimize depigmentation therapy by designing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) encapsulating azelaic acid (AZA) within a gel matrix. The MSNs were prepared using the sol-gel method. After subsequent processes, including acid extraction and drug loading, were then elucidated through PDI, size, zeta-potential, entrapment efficiency, nitrogen adsorption assay, FE-SEM, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tyrosinase inhibition assay, were employed to assess the formulation. In-vitro stability tests for both AZA-MSN gel (AZCG) and AZA-loaded mesoporous silica gel (AZMG) were conducted at 8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C, and 40 °C + 75 % RH, encompassing assessments of color, liquefaction, pH, and conductivity. Our findings showed a notable entrapment efficiency of 93.46 % for AZA-MSNs, with FE-SEM illustrating porous spherical MSNs. The particle size of AZA-MSNs was determined to be 211.9 nm, with a pore size of 2.47 nm and XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous state of AZA within the MSN carriers. Rheology examination indicated a non-Newtonian flow, while ex-vivo rat skin permeation studies conducted in a phosphate buffer (pH = 5.5) demonstrated a biphasic release pattern with 85.53 % cumulative drug permeation for AZA-MSNs. Overall, the study endorse the potential of AZA-MSNs as an efficacious and stable formulation for AZA delivery, highlighting their promise in addressing pigmentation concerns compared to conventional approaches.

Nanostructured lipid carrier represents a cutting edge drug delivery platform, offering enhanced encapsulation of lipophilic agents, high drug loading, controlled release and superior skin hydration effects due to occlusive properties. This study aimed to develop gel based NLC formulations by co-encapsulation of α-Tocopherol and α-Tocopheryl acetate (TTA) for enhanced anti-aging performance. Six formulations (TTA1–TTA6) were prepared using varying concentrations of solid and liquid lipids (lauric acid and oleic acid) and surfactant (Tween 80) with one placebo formulation (TTA0). NLC formulations were fabricated via hot melt encapsulation method and optimized based on particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency. The best optimised formulation underwent detailed characterization, including Dynamic Light Scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis. All formulations showed high encapsulation efficiency (66–93%), particle sizes ranging 68–290 nm, spherical morphology, and thermal stability. A two phase release profile was seen including burst and then sustained release. Comparative in vitro and ex vivo evaluations of gels confirmed superior skin retention and minimal transdermal permeation. In vivo testing on human volunteers revealed significantly enhanced moisture retention (up to 68%) and improved skin elasticity for gel based NLC formulations (TTA2G) as compared to solution gel (TTAsolG). These results confirm the synergistic potential of co-encapsulation of TTA in nanostructured lipid carriers to improve topical delivery and anti-aging outcomes.

Background: Uterine cancer, largely endometrial carcinoma, is among the most common gynecological malignancies worldwide, with incidence and mortality exhibiting marked geographical disparities. Recent trends highlight a rising incidence in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with obesity, elevated body mass index (BMI), and sociodemographic shifts identified as key risk factors. Histopathologically, endometrioid adenocarcinomas remain strongly associated with metabolic risk profiles, while aggressive non-endometrioid subtypes (such as uterine serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma) disproportionately drive mortality. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination primarily targets cervical carcinogenesis, emerging evidence suggests broader oncological and histopathological benefits in modifying gynecological cancer risk. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, identifying 11 eligible studies from global databases and reference lists. Eligible studies included global burden analyses, regional cancer registry reports, risk factor evaluations, and narrative reviews addressing preventive strategies, including HPV vaccination. Results: Global evidence demonstrates a steadily increasing incidence of uterine cancer, particularly in HICs, while LMICs experience rising mortality due to delayed diagnosis and limited oncological treatment infrastructure. Obesity and high BMI were consistently identified as dominant modifiable risk factors across datasets. Age–period–cohort analyses revealed increasing incidence among younger cohorts. Two reviews emphasized HPV vaccination as an indirect but valuable preventive strategy in gynecologic oncology. Conclusion: The global burden of uterine cancer is rising, driven primarily by obesity and sociodemographic transitions, while health system inequities sustain high mortality in LMICs. Prevention strategies, including weight management, lifestyle modification, metabolic risk reduction, and HPV vaccination, should be integrated into comprehensive cancer control programs to mitigate future burden