CD147 is upregulated in cancers, including aggressive T-ALL. Traditional treatments for T-ALL often entail severe side effects and the risk of relapse, highlighting the need for more efficacious therapies. ADCP contributes to the antitumor response by enhancing the ability of phagocytic cells to engulf cancer cells upon antibody binding. We aimed to engineer CD147^KO THP-1 cells and evaluated their differentiation properties compared to the wild type. A humanized anti-CD147 antibody, HuM6-1B9, was also constructed for investing the phagocytic function of CD147^KO THP-1 cells mediated by HuM6-1B9 in the phagocytosis of Jurkat T cells. The CD147^KO THP-1 was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and maintained polarization profiles. HuM6-1B9 was produced in CHO-K1 cells and effectively bound to CD147 with high binding affinity (K_D: 2.05 ± 0.30 × 10⁻⁹ M). Additionally, HuM6-1B9 enhanced the phagocytosis of Jurkat T cells by CD147^KO THP-1-derived LPS-activated macrophages (M-LPS), without self-ADCP. The formation of THP-1-derived mMDSC was limited in CD147^KO THP-1 cells, highlighting the significant impact of CD147 deletion. Maintaining expression markers and phagocytic function in CD147^KO THP-1 macrophages supports future engineering and the application of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. The combination of HuM6-1B9 and CD147^KO monocyte-derived macrophages holds promise as an alternative strategy for T-ALL.

Coconut oil-pulling therapy is used for maintaining oral health. The procedure has benefits for the prevention of oral disease, including dental caries, oral malodor, bleeding gums. However, virgin coconut oil (VCO) has unsatisfying oily taste. Therefore, coconut oil mouthwash (CoMW) was recently developed. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of coconut oil mouthwash consisting of 60% v/v virgin coconut oil (VCO), 30% v/v propylene glycol (PG), and 10% v/v distilled water on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells compared with the activity on murine macrophage (Raw 264.7) cells. The cytotoxicity of CoMW, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), VCO, and PG was assessed. IC50 concentration of CoMW, CHX, and PG were 1:8 (v/v), 1:32 (v/v), and 1:16 (v/v), respectively. All tested concentrations of VCO had no impact on cell viability. Their anti-inflammatory effects of each IC50 concentration were further studied. Notably, the IC50 concentration of CHX also significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- activated Raw 264.7 cells. Moreover, the IC50 concentrations of CoMW, VCO, PG, and CHX could suppress the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expressions in LPS-activated HGF cells, while also enhancing the cell migration of HGF cells as likely to the effect observed with the IC50 concentration of CHX. Wound healing ability of CoMW was also demonstrated after testing with a scratch assay. These findings indicated promising potential for coconut oil mouthwash as an effective agent in reducing inflammation and facilitating wound healing.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms using in vitro and ex vivo tooth models. E. faecalis biofilms were cultivated in 96-well plates and exposed to PAW with activated times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes including 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). After contact times of 5 minutes, colony-forming units were counted, and percentage of bacterial inhibition were calculated to assess the antimicrobial efficacy. Thirty extracted single-rooted teeth were decoronated, instrumented, and inoculated with E. faecalis for 7 days to allow biofilm formation within the root canals. Specimens were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 10) based on the root canal irrigants used: 0-minute PAW (negative control), 8-minute PAW, and 2.5% NaOCl (positive control). All canals were irrigated with 20 mL of respective solutions for 5 minutes. After the irrigation protocol, the samples were sectioned longitudinally and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess biofilm structure. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc comparisons. In vitro study showed a significant increase in percentage of bacterial inhibition with increasing plasma activation time, with PAW activated for 8, 10, and 12 minutes demonstrating no significant difference compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p > 0.05). Irrigation of the root canals with 8-minute PAW resulted in significantly greater bacterial reduction compared to the negative control, with no statistically significant difference in percentage of inhibition compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p = 0.175). SEM analysis demonstrated disruption of the biofilm architecture following irrigation with 8-minute PAW. PAW demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilms under the tested conditions. However, as this study examined a monospecies biofilm in ex vivo tooth models, whereas endodontic infections typically involve polymicrobial biofilms, PAW may be more effective when used as an adjunctive irrigant for root canal disinfection.

Background/Objectives: Fungal and bacterial infections are major contributors to oral diseases in older adults. Although chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely recognized for its antimicrobial efficacy, its prolonged use is constrained by adverse effects. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) possesses antimicrobial properties; however, its high viscosity reduces acceptability. This study aimed to develop a flavor-enhanced coconut oil-based mouthwash (FCoMW) and evaluate its clinical safety, antimicrobial efficacy, and user satisfaction. Methods: A 14-day randomized controlled trial was conducted in older adults at the Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand (April–July, 2024). Participants were randomly allocated by simple randomization to FCoMW, CHX, and normal saline solution (NSS). The evaluator was blinded. Assessments included burning sensation, oral mucosal alterations, changes in oral Candida and bacterial counts, and user satisfaction. Results: Among 51 participants (NSS: 17; CHX: 16; FCoMW: 18), FCoMW significantly reduced oral Candida counts by Day 14 (p < 0.0001), with efficacy comparable to CHX. CHX achieved greater bacterial reduction (p < 0.05). No adverse effects occurred with FCoMW. User satisfaction was high for scent, freshness, and overall acceptability. Conclusions: FCoMW is safe, well-accepted, and efficacious against oral Candida, offering a natural alternative to chlorhexidine for long-term use in older adults.

Alcohol-free mouthwash containing essential oils is a helpful adjunct to self-performed oral hygiene of patients with periodontal disease due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of cajuput and lemongrass essential oils supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash on human gingival fibroblast cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages, which were incubated in a complete medium. In the current in vitro study, 3 types of mouthwash, including 12 % (v/v) alcohol-free mouthwash, 0.8 % (v/v) cajuput essential oil and 0.4 % (v/v) lemongrass essential oil supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash, and 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthwash, were evaluated. All 3 types were determined for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. The sub-IC₅₀ concentration of each mouthwash was calculated to investigate anti-inflammatory activities via the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenases-2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 gene expression. The wound healing rate was determined by scratch assay. The results demonstrated that the sub-IC₅₀ concentrations of essential oils in 0.8 % (v/v) cajuput essential oil and 0.4 % (v/v) lemongrass essential oil supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced the gene expression of cyclooxygenases-2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-activated human gingival fibroblast cells, while stimulating the migration of human gingival fibroblast cells, similar to the sub-IC₅₀ concentration of 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthwash. These findings suggested that essential oils contained in this mouthwash formula exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted oral wound healing, which might be used as an alternative agent for patients with periodontal disease. HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT