Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is potentially curative for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the post-transplant relapse rate ranges from 40 to 70%, particularly with reduced intensity conditioning, and remains a major cause of treatment failure for these patients due to the limited efficacy of salvage therapy options. Strategies to mitigate this risk are urgently needed. In the past few years, the basic framework of post-transplant maintenance has been shaped by several clinical trials investigating targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and immunomodulatory therapies. Although the practice of post-transplant maintenance in AML has become more common, there remain challenges regarding the feasibility and efficacy of this strategy. Here, we review major developments in post-transplant maintenance in AML, along with ongoing and future planned studies in this area, outlining the limitations of available data and our future goals.

Background: Advances in novel therapies have improved outcomes for multiple myeloma (MM) patients and the use of allo-SCT has decreased. Current guidelines no longer support allo-SCT as consolidation therapy for newly diagnosed MM, even in high-risk cases. Summary: Allo-SCT is now typically considered only within clinical trials for young, high-risk patients with relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM). It has not proven favorable despite its historical use. CAR T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies have shown promise in treating triple- and penta-exposed/refractory MM, yet relapse remains common with poor survival rates. The efficacy of allo-SCT following BCMA-directed therapy and other new T-cell-directed therapies is unclear. Allo-SCT might be a viable option for eligible patients who relapse after these therapies, or where such options are unavailable. Advancements in reduced-intensity conditioning regimens have led to lower toxicity and transplant-related (TR) morbidity, lower graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and TR mortality. Expanded use of alternative donors, like haploidentical donors, has yielded comparable outcomes. Better post-transplant GvHD regimens and maintenance strategies to prevent relapse have been developed. Key Messages: This review analyzes available literature to better understand the safety, efficacy, and current role of allo-SCT in managing MM. Newer regimens are needed as routine use of allo-SCT cannot be recommended.

Introduction: Pulmonary Nocardiosis is a rare, opportunistic bacterial infection which mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients. It presents with non-specific clinical and radiologic manifestations which overlap with fungal infections and therefore is often misdiagnosed. Β-d-glucan (fungitell) is usually a helpful diagnostic marker for invasive fungal infections but can rarely

Introduction: Spontaneous pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural cavity in the absence of significant pulmonary disease or trauma. The prevalence is rare and can be life-threatening especially during pregnancy with less than 60 cases reported in literature so far. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial as it can lead to sudden respiratory compromise.