Thyroid disorders are known to cause neuropsychiatric manifestations. Various neuropsychiatric manifestations are depression, dementia, mania, and autoimmune Hashimoto encephalopathy. Numerous investigations carried out in the previous 50-60 years have been evaluated critically. The pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms of thyroid diseases is described in the current study and its link with autoimmune Hashimoto encephalopathy is also discussed. Furthermore, this paper also describes the association between thyroid-stimulating hormones and cognitive impairment. Hypothyroidism is associated with depression and mania, and hyperthyroidism is linked with dementia and mania. The association between Graves' disease and various mental disorders such as depressive and anxiety disorders is also discussed. The aim of this study is to review the relationship between various neuropsychiatric disorders and thyroid diseases. A literature search from the PubMed database to find various neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disorders in the adult population was conducted. According to the review of the studies, cognitive impairment can result from thyroid disease. It has not been possible to demonstrate how hyperthyroidism can hasten the process of developing dementia. However, subclinical hyperthyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below the normal range, and high free thyroxine (T4) levels all raise the risk of dementia in the elderly. Additionally, the potential mechanisms underlying this association have been examined. A quick summary of the research on mania as a clinical symptom of hypothyroidism and its likely causes and pathogenesis is also reviewed. There is no dearth of evidence that describes various neuropsychiatric manifestation in thyroid disorders.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have a higher risk of developing micro- and macrovascular complications, which lead to decrease in the quality of life and increase in morbidity. Platelet indices have been available in the laboratory routine using blood cell counters for several years. These indices could alert us regarding endothelial dysfunction and in turn regarding the microvascular complications. Hence, this study was done to prove the correlation between platelet indices and microvascular complications in T2DM. Materials and Methods: In total, 125 diabetic patients attending diabetes OPD and admitted in medicine department along with age and sex-matched non-diabetic controls were studied. A detailed history was taken regarding duration of diabetes, medication, past history of stroke, IHD, and hypertension. Patients with T2DM were specially evaluated for microvascular complications. Platelet indices, fasting blood glucose, Post prandial blood glucose, HbA1C, and Sr. Creatinine were obtained from venous blood samples. All parameters were then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 17.0. Results: Platelet indices, namely MPV, PCT, PDW, and P/LCR were significantly higher in diabetic individuals than those in age and gender-matched controls. Moreover, the increase in MPV, PDW, and P/LCR was more significant in diabetic subjects with microvascular complications when compared with those without microvascular complications. Platelet dysfunction also showed a positive association with HbA1C, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy individually. Conclusions: Changes in platelet indices were found to be statistically associated with diabetes and its complications.

The late Nobel Physicist Richard P. Feynman, in a dinner talk in 1959, very rightly said that there is enough room for the betterment of technology beyond our scope of imagination, proposing utilizing mechanical tools to make those that are relatively smaller than the others, which further can be rendered fruitful in making even more compact mechanical devices, all the way down to the level of the smallest known atom, emphasizing that this is "a progress which I believe cannot be avoided". Feynman proposed that nanomachines, nanorobots, and nanodevices may eventually be utilized to construct a huge range of atomically accurate microscopic instruments and manufacturing equipment, as well as a large number of ultra-small devices and other nanoscale and microscale robotic structures. Biotechnology, molecular biology, and molecular medicine could be used to create totally self-sufficient nanorobots/nanobots. Nanorobotics includes sophisticated submicron devices constructed of nanocomponents that are viewed as a magnificent desired future of health care. It has a promising potential in medication delivery technology for cancer, the top cause of mortality among those under the age of 85 years. Nanorobots might transport and distribute vast volumes of anticancer medications into diseased cells without hurting normal cells, decreasing the adverse effects of existing therapies such as chemotherapy damage. The ultimate development of this innovation, which will be accomplished via a close partnership among specialists in robotics, medicine, and nanotechnology, will have a significant influence on illness detection, therapy, and prophylaxis. This report includes a study on several ways to cancer therapy utilizing nanorobots. Furthermore, it offers insight into the future breadth of this area of research.

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide in present times, with its incidence on a tremendous rise. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer therapies have advanced substantially, but there is a need for improvement in specificity and fear of systemic toxicity. Early detection is critical in improving patients' prognosis and quality of life, and recent advancements in technology, especially in dealing with biomaterials, have aided in that surge. Nanotechnology possesses the key to solving many of the downsides of traditional pharmaceutical formulations. Indeed, significant progress has been made in using customized nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment with high specificity, sensitivity, and efficacy. Nanotechnology is the integration of nanoscience into medicine by the use of nanoparticles. The advent of nanoscience in cancer diagnosis and treatment will help clinicians better assess and manage patients and improve the healthcare system and services. This review article gives an account of the clinical applications of nanoscience in the modern management of cancer, the different modalities of nanotechnology used, and the limitations and possible side effects of this new tool.

Hypomagnesemia has been common, but mostly underdiagnosed electrolyte abnormality. Studies regarding this is lacking in India especially in rural setting. Here, we have correlated serum magnesium (Mg) level with outcome in patients of medicine Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with respect to length of ICU stay, need for mechanical ventilatory support and its duration and ultimate outcome (discharge/death). This is a prospective observational study carried out over a period of 1-year enrolling 601 patients of Medical ICU (MICU). The Chi-square test is applied to correlate hypomagnesemia with the outcome. About 25% patients had admission hypomagnesemia. When compared with the normal Mg group, there was significant association of hypomagnesemia with outcome in terms of duration of MICU stay 5.46 (5.75) versus 3.93 (3.88), need for mechanical ventilation (56.86% vs. 24.33%), discharge/cured from ICU (61.43% vs. 85.26%), and death (38.56% vs. 14.73%). However, no significant difference was found in the duration of ventilation between the two groups. Hypomagnesemia is associated with a higher mortality rate in critically ill patients. The need for ventilatory support, but not its duration is significantly higher in hypomagnesemic patients. Hypomagnesemia is commonly associated with sepsis and diabetes mellitus. The duration of MICU stay is significantly higher in patients with low serum Mg.

This review is a summary of the modern-day approach and recent trend in the determination of uric acid in the saliva of humans and its use in diagnosis by clinicians. Uric acid, which is the end product obtained from the breakdown of purine nucleotides, is an important biomarker associated with various conditions. Uric acid is found in various body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and urine. It can be used as an important tool for various diseases, such as gout and hyperuricemia, or conditions that are associated with increased oxidative stress. Recently, there has been an emergence of studies that have utilized uric acid concentrations measured in the saliva and studied its association with various diseases. Salivary uric acid can prove to be a noninvasive method to provide a diagnosis of serious illness. A raised uric acid level in the saliva can be associated with cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, gout, and hypertension. A reduced level of salivary uric acid on the other hand can be a marker for Alzheimer’s disease, progression of multiple sclerosis, and impairment of cognition. Online search databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched, and articles that were published before September 2021 based on salivary uric acid analysis were analyzed for this review. Uric acid is an essential biomarker that has antioxidant properties. Assessment of salivary uric acid levels was found to be essential in conditions such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurological conditions, psychiatric conditions, human immunodeficiency virus, and gout and in monitoring treatment of hyperuricemia. Although having importance in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, salivary uric acid analysis has not gained enough popularity due to limitations such as saliva collection and sample processing issues. With proper education and standardization, salivary uric acid analysis can be used as a cost-effective and noninvasive tool for getting a clue about antioxidant biomarker concentration in saliva and hence various diseases associated with oxidative stress.