Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in clinical practice. The aim of the RESOURCE study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of gram-negative bacteria isolated from outpatient urine samples collected across the Russian Federation. A total of 96,781 urine samples were collected from 520 cities of the Russian Federation between January 1 and December 31, 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed using semi-automated analysers. The mean age of the study population was 40.9 years, 80.2% were female and 19.8% were male. Of the uropathogens isolated, 64.2% were gram-negative bacteria. Among these, Escherichia coli was the most common (49.1%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.5%), Proteus mirabilis (2.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.7%) and Enterobacter spp. (1.0%). Of the antibiotics tested, 50% of the isolated E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin, followed by co-trimoxazole (30.3%), aztreonam (26.2%), levofloxacin (28.8%) and cefuroxime (21%). Conversely, E. coli were highly susceptible to imipenem (0.7% resistant strains isolated), amikacin (0.9%), nitrofurantoin (4.5%) and fosfomycin (1.2%). The most active antimicrobials against K. pneumoniae were imipenem (6.8% resistant strains) and colistin (0.5%), while piperacillin/tazobactam (4.2%), cefoperazone/sulbactam (3.1%) and imipenem (0%) were the most active agents against P. mirabilis. The antimicrobials showing the highest activity against P. aeruginosa were colistin (10.7% resistant strains) and aztreonam (0%), while piperacillin/tazobactam (7.1%) and cefoperazone/sulbactam (2.3%) showed the highest activity against Enterobacter spp. The prevalence of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance among common UTI-causing gram-negative bacteria highlights the growing challenge of successfully treating community-onsetUTIs.

Rationale. The rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) allows researchers to conduct observational multicentre studies and obtain objective information about the epidemiology of diabetes and its complications and evaluate the efficacy of different therapies and diagnostic strategies designed to identify systemic vascular complications.Aims. To analyse epidemiological and socio-demographic parameters, the quality of glycaemic control, diagnostic monitoring and therapeutic measures typical among patients with T2DM living in Russian towns of different populations.Materials and methods. FORSIGHT-DM2 is an all-Russian multicentre observational epidemiological study that involves 2014 patients with T2DM from 45 different towns in the Russian Federation (RF). All patients have had T2DM for at least 1 year. They received glucose-lowering therapy and primary medical care from RF public outpatient health institutions between 01.01.2014 and 31.12.2014. For comparative analysis of the typical treatment for patients with T2DM, we stratified patients into groups based on the number of residents.Results. The data reveal a lack of glycaemic control (average НbА1с 7.9% ± 1.9%), with НbА1с 8% in 36% of patients. The frequency of T2DM complications was high and the prevalence of retinopathy was 63.2%, nephropathy was 34.4% (7.8% had chronic kidney disease G3a-G5), peripheral polyneuropathy was 63.3%, ‘diabetic foot’ syndrome was 13.7% and osteoarthropathy was 5%. The number of T2DM-related complications is correlated with the HbA1c level and disease duration. Moreover, simultaneous influence of these factors led to a significant increase in the number of chronic complications associated with T2DM (r = 0.338 for T2DM duration, r = 0.262 for HbA1c; р 0.001). Despite the high frequency of patient consultations with endocrinologists (83%) and a large percentage of hospitalisations in the current year (46%), the screening of chronic complications of T2DM in 2014 is insufficient.Conclusion. The results indicate insufficient glycaemic control among patients with T2DM and a higher prevalence of chronic complications compared with the national register of diabetic patients.

Platelet activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary and cerebrovascular ischemic disease. The most important task in the treatment and prevention such complications is the complete suppression of platelet activity. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is currently a key therapeutic approach in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular atherosclerotic origin. The development of new and more effective methods for prediction of the response of patients to antiplatelet therapy and its subsequent correction appears to be the most important task of modern physics, biophysics, and medicine. Platelets obtained from patient specimens have been investigated by Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with the diode-pumped solid-state laser ( λ = 532 nm) on Au/Ti rough surfaces. As a result, a set of optimal experimental parameters for platelets discrimination have been determined. Platelet spectral data for healthy volunteers, healthy volunteers on antiplatelet therapy and individuals with cardiovascular pathology on antiplatelet therapy have been analyzed. We suggest that the obtained results allow the usage of the SERS as a diagnostic tool for determination of both inhibition of platelet aggregation and its structure conformation.