Myocardial infarction activates an intense fibro-inflammatory reaction that is essential for cardiac remodeling and heart failure (HF). Bioactive peptide galanin plays a critical role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis; however, its specific functional relevance in post-infarction fibro-inflammatory reprogramming remains obscure. Here, we show that galanin coordinates the fibro-inflammatory trajectory and mitochondrial integrity in post-infarction reperfusion injury. Aberrant deposition of collagen was associated with a marked increase in CD68-positive macrophage infiltration in cardiac tissue in mice subjected to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) for 14 days compared to sham controls. Furthermore, we found that the myocardial expression level of a specific marker of M2 macrophages, CD206, was significantly down-regulated in I/R-challenged mice. In contrast, galanin treatment started during the reperfusion phase blunted the fibro-inflammatory responses and promoted the expression of CD206 in I/R-remodeled hearts. In addition, we found that the anti-apoptotic and anti-hypertrophic effects of galanin were associated with the preservation of mitochondrial integrity and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings depict galanin as a key arbitrator of fibro-inflammatory responses to cardiac I/R injury and offer a promising therapeutic trajectory for the treatment of post-infarct cardiovascular complications.

Our study's objective was to use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the amount of berberine in the total amount of alkaloids extracted from M. aquifolium. Eclipse plus C-18 was used to separate the crude extract (250 x 4.6 x 5 µm). Methanol (0.1% formic acid): water (0.1 formic acid) 35:65 v v^-1 made up the mobile phase. At 346 nm, ultraviolet detection was carried out. With a r² > 0.9998, a solid linear response was seen in the concentration range under study. The alkaloid extract from the aerial parts of M. aquifolium should contain at least 2% berberine, according to the results. With intra- and inter-day variances of less than 1.03%, the approach is accurate. Within the range under study, linearity, sensitivity, and precision are all adequate.