Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a high prevalence worldwide. AD pathogenesis is complex and consists of immune system dysregulation and impaired skin barrier, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of the review is to show the complex interplay between atopic dermatitis and the microbiota. Human microbiota plays an important role in AD pathogenesis and the course of the disease. Dysbiosis is an important factor contributing to the development of atopic diseases, including atopic dermatitis. The gut microbiota can influence the composition of the skin microbiota, strengthening the skin barrier and regulating the immune response via the involvement of bacterial metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids, in signaling pathways of the gut–skin axis. AD can be modulated by antibiotic intake, dietary adjustments, hygiene, and living conditions. One of the promising strategies for modulating the course of AD is probiotics. This review offers a summary of how the microbiota influences the development and treatment of AD, highlighting aspects that warrant additional investigation.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is an ultra-rare disease caused by impaired pulmonary surfactant clearance due to the dysfunction of alveolar macrophages or their signaling pathways. PAP is categorized into autoimmune, congenital, and secondary PAP, with autoimmune PAP being the most prevalent. This article aims to present a comprehensive review of PAP classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed database and a total of 67 articles were selected. The PAP diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms, radiological imaging, and bronchoalveolar lavage, with additional GM-CSF antibody tests. The gold standard for PAP treatment is whole-lung lavage. This review presents a summary of the most recent findings concerning pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pointing out specific features that require further investigation.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a vital challenge in psychiatry, affecting a significant number of patients with major depressive disorder. Current pharmacological approaches often do not provide sufficient therapeutic results, prompting the need for innovative treatments. This review summarizes recent advances in TRD management, including non-pharmacological therapies such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and vagus nerve stimulation, and describes their mechanisms of action. Novel pharmacotherapies, particularly glutamatergic modulators like ketamine and esketamine, have shown promising results with esketamine being available to eligible patients in Poland since 2023 within a drug program. Electroconvulsive therapy remains an effective treatment for TRD, usually with small side effects mainly including transient memory impairment, headache, or cardiovascular changes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive procedure with proven efficacy; therefore several psychiatric organizations recommend it as a treatment option for major depressive disorder in their clinical guidelines. Deep brain stimulation is a relatively new treatment modality for TRD, with its primary risk being associated with the required neurosurgical procedure. Vagus nerve stimulation seems to be a promising adjunctive treatment for TRD, showing significant improvements in depressive symptoms, especially at higher electrical doses but with no side effects. While these treatments appear to have potential, personalized approaches are crucial for optimizing outcomes. Future research should focus on refining the techniques, improving safety profiles, and validating the long-term efficacy.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable development in oncological treatment, including chemotherapy and biological treatment. Despite their significant effectiveness, they are not free from side effects, such as allergic and dermatological reactions. These reactions can vary in severity and outcome, including potential death. Examples, among others, are type I-IV hypersensitivity reactions of various origins and skin reactions including rashes, itching and redness, but also severe cutaneous syndromes. Due to the therapy used, these may include Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. In some cases, it is necessary to interrupt therapy, which may result in a poorer outcome and shorten the patient’s survival. This paper reviews various types of research documents published since 2016. It aims to systematize the latest knowledge and highlight the need for further research into ways to avoid adverse reactions.

Introduction: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become an increasingly popular therapeutic tool across various medical specialties since its introduction in 1958. Defined as a concentrated solution of platelets and growth factors derived from autologous blood, PRP supports tissue repair and regeneration processes. PRP’s composition includes high concentrations of platelets and growth factors that facilitate angiogenesis, connective tissue remodeling, and cellular repair, making PRP a promising treatment option for complex urological conditions and beyond. Purpose of the study: This review aims to summarize the applications and efficacy of PRP in treating specific urological conditions such as erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, urethral stricture, hypospadias, interstitial cystitis and urinary incontinence. Materials and Methods: To provide a comprehensive summary of current knowledge on this topic, a literature review of English-language articles, with an emphasis on recent publications, was conducted. The review utilized the PubMed database and included 51 studies accessed prior to October 2024. Conclusions: PRP therapy appears to be a promising, safe, and minimally invasive treatment option for several urological conditions. Studies suggest that PRP may benefit erectile function, reduce symptoms in Peyronie's disease, and improve outcomes in conditions related to the urethra and bladder, with minimal reported adverse effects. However, the lack of standardized PRP preparation protocols and large placebo-controlled trials poses a challenge to fully establishing its efficacy. Further research is necessary to confirm PRP’s effectiveness, optimize preparation and administration methods, and develop guidelines for its clinical application in urology.

Introductions: Vitamin D has gained recognition in recent decades not only as a key regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone health but also as an important factor modulating the immune system. Research indicates that vitamin D influences both innate and adaptive immune responses, which is significant in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D has a beneficial effect on asthma exacerbations and may help reduce respiratory inflammation, as well as alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of food allergies, worsen symptoms of atopic dermatitis, and contribute to the transition from acute to chronic urticaria. Conversely, supplementation may help prevent allergies, reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis by supporting skin barrier function and antimicrobial peptide production, and relieve symptoms in patients with chronic urticaria. Purpose of the study: The review article aims to present the current state of knowledge on the role of vitamin D in the treatment of asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and eczema. Material and methods: To summarize the current knowledge on the topic, a literature review of English language papers with a focus on the most current literature was performed. The review was conducted with the PubMed database with 64 works used, accessed before October 2024. Conclusions: Although the impact of blood vitamin D levels on the development and progression of allergic diseases has not yet been fully clarified, scientific studies suggest its significant role in modulating immune responses. Due to its immunoregulatory properties, vitamin D offers new hope for more effective treatment and prevention of allergic diseases.