Population growth and the increasing search for healthy foods have led to a major consumption of coconut water and, hence, to an environmental impact caused by the inappropriate disposal of green coconut husks. This lignocellulosic biomass has deserved attention of researchers concerning the seeking of new usages, as, for example, in renewable fuels production technologies. This study examines the potential of green coconut husk fibers as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol. The coconut fibers were pretreated through an alkaline method, hydrolyzed enzymatically and submitted to ethanol fermentation with commercial yeasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite the significant loss of cellulose (4.42% in relation to the fiber and 17.9% concerning the original cellulose content), the alkaline pretreatment promoted an efficient solubilization of lignin (80%), turning the coconut fibers into a feasible raw material for 2G ethanol production studies. Enzymatic hydrolysis converted 87% of the sugars and the ethanolic fermentation consumed 81% of the substrate in the hydrolyzate, leading to a sugar to ethanol convertion efficiency of 59.6%. These results points out that green coconut husks are a promising alternative to the production of renewable energy.

Cheese whey (CW), a byproduct resulting from dairy processing, requires proper treatment and disposal. The use of microalgae during tertiary treatment emerges as a promising option due to its efficiency to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) from effluents obtained after secondary treatment processes. The present study was focused on treating CW effluent at two organic loads (C₁ and C₂—with different concentrations of COD, TN, and TP) (550–2200 mg·L⁻¹ of COD, 14–56 mg·L⁻¹ of TN, and 4.5–18 mg·L⁻¹ of TP) using the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus alone (C_M1 and C_M2) and in a consortium with the fungus Cuninghamella echinulata (C_MF1 and C_MF2), evaluating the residual values of COD, TN, and TP and removal efficiency. The experiments were carried out in an open system with a volumetric replacement ratio (VRR) of 40 and 60%. The C_M treatment showed residual values of COD in the range of 190–410 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 57–68%), TN in the range of 6–24 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 29–35%), and TP in the range of 0.90–3.0 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 65–68%), after 7 days of volumetric replacement time (VRT) in a semicontinuous mode. In contrast, the consortium (C_MF) showed greater stability and efficiency in contaminant removal compared to the treatment system containing only the microalga, showing residual values of COD in the range of 61–226 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 75–77%), TN in the range of 1.8–9.5 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 70–74%), and TP in the range of 0.6–3.5 mg·L⁻¹ (removal efficiency: 66–70%), applying a lower VRT of 3 days and reaching the legislation standard for discharge to C_MF1 (VRR: 40 and 60%) and C_MF2 (VRR: 40%). The cell dry weight of 290–850 mg·L⁻¹ was obtained (microalga and microalga–fungus cultivation), which can be a valuable biomass for biotechnological applications. Finally, during microalga–fungus co-cultivation, there was greater system buffering (with less pH variation), ensuring a better system stability.