Gut microbiome-modulating agents (MMAs), including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics, are shown to ameliorate type 1 diabetes (T1D) by restoring the microbiome from dysbiosis. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the impact of MMAs on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and biomarkers associated with (T1D). A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, National Knowledge Infrastructure, WeiPu, and WanFang Data up to 30 November 2023. Ten randomized controlled trials (n = 630) were included, with study quality evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Random-effect models with standardized mean differences (SMDs) were utilized. MMA supplementation was associated with improvements in HbA1c (SMD = −0.52, 95% CI [−0.83, −0.20]), daily insulin usage (SMD = −0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.76, −0.07]), and fasting C-peptide (SMD = 0.99, 95% CI [0.17, 1.81]) but had no effects on FBG, CRP, TNF-α, IL-10, LDL, HDL, and the Shannon index. Subgroup analysis of HbA1c indicated that a long-term intervention (>3 months) might exert a more substantial effect. These findings suggest an association between MMAs and glycemic control in T1D. Further large-scale clinical trials are necessary to confirm these findings with investigations on inflammation and gut microbiota composition while adjusting confounding factors such as diet, physical activity, and the dose and form of MMA intervention.

Traditional bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization frequently co-occur and correlate significantly with mental health outcomes. However, little is known about the joint trajectories of traditional and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among youth during the transition into adolescence or their prospective associations with mental health outcomes. This 3-year longitudinal study addressed these research gaps by collecting six waves of survey data from 2,154 Chinese elementary school students (54.87% boys, M _age = 9.61, SD = 0.65 at baseline). Parallel process latent class growth modeling revealed four distinct joint trajectory groups: uninvolved (77.8%, consistently low traditional and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization), traditional bullying victimization (12.4%, stable high traditional bullying victimization alongside low traditional perpetration and low cyberbullying perpetration and victimization), traditional bullying perpetration (7.1%, stable high traditional bullying perpetration alongside low traditional victimization and low cyberbullying perpetration and victimization), and fully involved with predominant cyberbullying perpetration (2.7%, initially low involvement across all bullying behaviors but later markedly elevated, particularly in cyberbullying perpetration). Notably, no trajectory characterized solely by cyberbullying perpetration and/or victimization was identified. Results indicated that boys exhibited higher odds than girls of being classified in the traditional bullying perpetration and fully involved with predominant cyberbullying perpetration groups compared to the uninvolved group. Furthermore, the highest frequencies of internalizing and externalizing problems and the lowest levels of well-being were observed for youth in the fully involved with predominant cyberbullying perpetration group, followed by those who were persistently involved in one predominant bullying experience, and finally, those in the uninvolved group. These findings advanced the literature by elucidating the nature of joint trajectories of traditional and cyberbullying and their prospective associations with mental health outcomes, highlighting the significance of developing targeted interventions for different groups to reduce mental health problems and enhance well-being.