Dermatophytosis, also known as Tinea infection, remains a significant interdisciplinary concern worldwide. This dermatophyte infection may be more serious in individuals with underlying somatic diseases, immunodeficiencies, endocrine disorders, or chronic illnesses. This study analyzed 313 patients with suspected dermatophytosis. Data were gathered through questionnaires and medical records were reviewed. Biological samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and PCR was employed to assess the genetic diversity of strains. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. The overall prevalence of dermatophytosis in the cohort was 30.4%. Among the cultured isolates, 73.7% were identified as Microsporum canis, while 26.3% were identified as Trichophyton species, including T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, and T. verrucosum. Several factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of dermatophytosis, including the following: male gender (AOR = 1.97), age 1–10 years (AOR = 3.80), living in rural areas (AOR = 2.30), visiting public bathhouses (AOR = 2.32), visiting massage parlors (AOR = 1.39), contact with cats (AOR = 2.32), family history of dermatophytosis (AOR = 3.04), and sexual contact with an infected or unknown partner (AOR = 3.08). Dermatophytosis was identified in approximately one third of the patients by culture (30.4%), with the risk heightened in individuals under 10 years old (43.6%), those living in rural areas (33.3%), and those with a family history of dermatophytosis (35.7%) or close contact with cats (39.4%). The findings underscore the need for strengthened preventive measures and targeted diagnostics, particularly among high-risk groups.

Background/Objectives: This article describes the results of an analysis of the sensitivity of dermatophytosis pathogens to terbinafine, conducted by the authors based on a review of available scientific publications and data from their own research. Currently, no information is available on the sensitivity of Kazakh isolates obtained from patients at dermatological clinics. The aim of this study was to compile data on the resistance of dermatophytes to terbinafine over the past decade worldwide and investigate the sensitivity of dermatophyte isolates collected from patients in Astana, Kazakhstan, to terbinafine. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing the Pubmed and Cochrane Library databases with specific keywords. The sensitivity of the dermatophytes to terbinafine was assessed using EUCAST E.Def 11.0 method. Results: Screening of terbinafine susceptibility among Kazakh clinical isolates revealed that all Microsporum canis strains (57/57, 100%) were sensitive to the drug. Among 33 Trichophyton spp. isolates, 4 (12.1%) demonstrated resistance to terbinafine, with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 1.5 µg/mL. The resistant isolates belonged to the species T. indotineae, T. interdigitale, and T. mentagrophytes. Conclusions: Terbinafine remains highly effective against Microsporum canis in Kazakhstan, while a small proportion of Trichophyton isolates show resistance. Continuous monitoring of dermatophyte susceptibility is warranted to guide effective treatment.

Актуальность: В дерматологической структуре заболеваемости грибковые болезни занимают второе место после пиодермий и составляют до 42% заболеваний кожи. Проблема дерматомикозов приобретает большую актуальность в связи с многообразием путей передачи возбудителей и их высокой устойчивостью во внешней среде, изменением иммунного ответа организма человека. Цель: Анализ научной информации по заболеваемости и видовому составу возбудителей дерматофитных инфекций кожи в различных регионах мира, а также их влиянию на качество жизни пациентов. Стратегия поиска: Поиск научных публикаций проводился в базах данных PubMed, Elsiever, Medline, в специализированной поисковой системе GoogleScholar Результаты: Дерматофитиями болеют около 25% населения земного шара, а гриб Trichophyton rubrum является основным возбудителем этой группы болезней. На севере и востоке Африки наблюдается преобладание T. violaceum, а в западных и центральных районах континента – T. Sudanense и M. audouinii. В Индии ведущими возбудителями грибковой инфекции кожи являются Trichophyton mentagrophytes и T. rubrum. В Европе онихомикоз чаще всего вызывают T. rubrum и T. Interdigitale, а дерматомикозе головы вызывают M. audouinii, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. soudanense и M. сanis. При персистирующей и рецидивирующей дерматофитии выявлено чрезвычайно большое и очень большое влияние на качество жизни, при этом страдали не только физиологические аспекты жизни больных, но и ухудшалось их эмоциональное и социальное самочувствие. У пациентов с грибковыми поражениями в области паховых складок и ягодичной области качество жизни ухудшилось в большей степени, чем в других местах. Выводы: Trichophyton rubrum является наиболее частым возбудителем, хотя частота инфекций, вызванных T. interdigitale и T. mentagrophytes, увеличивается в некоторых частях мира. Установлено значительное влияние персистирующих и стойких форм микозов кожи на качество жизни пациентов. Background: In dermatological structure of morbidity, fungal diseases take the second place after pyoderma and account for up to 42% of skin diseases. The problem of dermatomycosis is of great relevance due to the variety of transmission routes of pathogens and their high resistance in the external environment, changes in the immune response of human body. Aim: Analysis of scientific information on incidence and species composition of causative agents of dermatomycoses in different regions of the world, and their influence on quality of life. Search strategy: The search for scientific publications was conducted in databases PubMed, Elsiever, Medline, GoogleScholar Results: About 25% of the world's population suffer from dermatophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent. The predominance of T. violaceum is observed in the north and east of Africa, and T. Sudanense and M. audouinii predominate in the western and central regions of Africa. In India, the leading causative agents are Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. In Europe, onychomycosis is most often caused by T. rubrum and T. interdigitale, tinea capitis is caused by M. audouinii, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. soudanense and M. sanis. With persistent and relapsing dermatophytes, an extremely large and very large impact on life quality was revealed, affecting not only physiological aspects of patients' lives, but also their emotional and social well-being. In patients with lesions in the inguinal folds and buttocks, the quality of life worsened to a greater extent than in other sites. Conclusion: Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen, although the frequency of infections caused by T. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes is increasing. A significant influence of persistent and resistant forms of dermatomycoses on life quality has been revealed. Аурудың дерматологиялық құрылымында саңырауқұлақ аурулары пиодермадан кейін екінші орынды алады және тері ауруларының 42%-на дейін құрайды. Дерматомикоз проблемасы қоздырғыштардың берілу жолдарының әртүрлілігіне және олардың сыртқы ортаға жоғары төзімділігіне, адам ағзасының иммундық реакциясының өзгеруіне байланысты үлкен өзектілікке ие. Іздеу стратегиясы: Ғылыми жарияланымдарды іздеу PubMed, Elsiever, Medline дерекқорларында,...

Dermatophytosis is a common superficial fungal infection, yet region-specific data from Central Asia remain limited. Integrated clinical, culture-based, and molecular data are scarce. A cross-sectional study included 343 patients with suspected dermatophytosis in Astana, Kazakhstan. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected using a standardized protocol. Laboratory diagnosis included direct microscopy, culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and ITS-targeted PCR. Statistical analysis used chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Kruskal–Wallis tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Direct microscopy detected fungal elements in 70.6% of patients, whereas culture was positive in 43.7%. Molecular analysis of 150 isolates identified five species, with Microsporum canis as the predominant pathogen. Zoophilic dermatophytes accounted for 67.3% of cases and were mainly associated with tinea capitis and tinea corporis, whereas anthropophilic species predominated in tinea cruris (92%). Species were significantly associated with clinical form (p < 0.0001) and patient age (p < 0.001). Seasonal variation was also identified (p = 0.01). Trichophyton indotineae was identified in seven patients. This study provides new insights into the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in Kazakhstan, demonstrating the predominance of zoophilic species and their association with specific clinical forms. The detection of T. indotineae highlights the need for molecular surveillance for potential antifungal resistance.

Актуальность: Поскольку использование противогрибковых средств для борьбы с микозами, вызванными дерматофитами, становится все более распространенным, растет обеспокоенность по поводу увеличения случаев резистентности к противогрибковым препаратам. В настоящее время эта проблема аналогична проблемам устойчивости к антибактериальным и противовирусным препаратам. Цель: Анализ научной информации о современном состоянии резистетности возбудителей дерматофитных инфекций кожи к противогрибковым препаратам. Стратегия поиска: Поиск научных публикаций проводился в базах данных PubMed, Elsiever, Medline, в специализированной поисковой системе GoogleScholar. Для анализа был отобран 71 источник, опубликованные в течение последних 10 лет. Критерии включения: полнотекстные публикации, изданные на английском и русском языках в течение последних 10 лет. Критерии исключения: абстракты, дубликаты статей, публикации ранее 2013 года, нерелевантные публикации. Результаты: Устойчивость к противогрибковым препаратам может возникать естественным путем или развиваться со временем, когда грибы подвергаются воздействию противогрибковых препаратов. Для объяснения феномена устойчивости к противогрибковым препаратам было предложено несколько механизмов, таких как отток лекарственного средства грибковыми клетками, детоксикация лекарственного средства грибковыми клетками, мутации генов-мишеней, а также устойчивость, обусловленная структурными элементами грибковой клетки и т. д. Установлено, что частота устойчивых к тербинафину изолятов Trichophyton увеличивается. Условно-патогенные микроорганизмы, такие как виды Aspergillus и Candida, развили устойчивость к классическим азолам, таким как итраконазол и флуконазол, а также к новым азолам, таким как позаконазол и вориконазол. Антимикотики местного применения, такие как эфинаконазол и таваборол, используются редко, однако они вызывают резистентность Trichophyton rubrum. Вызывает серьезную тревогу появление видов Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale, Candida auris и Aspergillus с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, вызывающих тяжелые инфекции. Выводы: Следует рассмотреть возможность проведения рутинной AFST для определения наиболее эффективного лечения, особенно в случае неэффективности терапии. Комбинированное лечение пероральными и местными противогрибковыми препаратами может быть рассмотрено для лечения резистентных инфекций. Background: As the use of antifungals to control mycoses caused by dermatophytes becomes more common, there is growing concern about increasing cases of antifungal resistance. Currently, this problem is similar to the problems of resistance to antibacterial and antiviral drugs. Aim: Analysis of scientific information on the current state of resistance of pathogens of dermatophytic skin infections to antifungal drugs. Search strategy: The search for scientific publications was conducted in databases PubMed, Elsiever, Medline, GoogleScholar. A total of 71 sources published within the past 10 years were selected for analysis. The inclusion criteria were full-text publications in English and Russian published within the past 10 years. Exclusion criteria included abstracts, duplicate articles, publications prior to 2013, and irrelevant studies. Results: Antifungal resistance can occur naturally or develop over time when fungi are exposed to antifungal drugs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of antifungal drug resistance, such as drug efflux by fungal cells, drug detoxification by fungal cells, mutations in target genes, and resistance due to fungal cell structural elements, etc. Frequency of terbinafine-resistant isolates Trichophyton increases. Opportunistic pathogens such as Aspergillus and Candida species have developed resistance to classic azoles such as itraconazole and fluconazole, as well as to new azoles such as posaconazole and voriconazole. Topical antimycotics such as efinaconazole and tavaborole are rarely used but have been associated with resistance in Trichophyton rubrum. The emergence of multidrug-resistant...