Diabetes mellitus (DM) is often accompanied by clinical complications such as sarcopenia. Previous studies have indicated that oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR) are highly associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic myopathy. α‐lipoic acid (ALA), a potent biological antioxidant, exists abundantly in a variety of plants and vegetables. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of ALA on muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic rats induced by high‐fat diet feeding (HFD) plus streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The HFD/STZ‐induced diabetic rats were orally administered 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight ALA once a day for 13 weeks. The results showed that ALA at the tested concentrations significantly increased the soleus muscle mass and muscle fibers in diabetic rats. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, were found to decrease in both the serum and muscle of ALA‐treated diabetic rats. ALA significantly reduced the protein‐expression levels of phosphorylated c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (pJNK)/JNK, forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), and muscle ring‐finger protein‐1 (Murf1); whereas, it enhanced the protein‐expression levels of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT)/AKT, myogenin determination gene D (MyoD), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats. The results from this study suggested that ALA treatment may preserve soleus muscle mass, alleviate muscle atrophy by suppressing the TNF‐α/JNK pathway, and ameliorate the PI3K/AKT pathway in HFD/STZ‐induced type 2 diabetic rats.

Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prone to malnutrition and sarcopenia as a result of nutritional deficiencies and increased energy metabolism. However, the effects of nutrient supplements (NS) on treating sarcopenia in patients with COPD are not well established from systematic evidence. This meta-analysis examined the effect of NS on sarcopenia in patients with COPD. A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted, and 29 randomized controlled trials involving 1625 participants (age, mean [SD] = 67.9 [7.8] years) were analyzed. NS demonstrated significant improvements in body weight (MD,1.33 kg; 95% CI, 0.60, 2.05 kg; P = 0.0003; I² = 87%), fat-free mass index (MD, 0.74 kg/m²; 95% CI, 0.21, 1.27 kg/m²; P = 0.007; I² = 75%), and 6-min walk test (MD, 19.43 m; 95% CI, 4.91, 33.94 m; P = 0.009; I² = 81%) compared with control. However, NS had nonsignificant effects on handgrip strength (SMD, 0.36; 95% CI, − 0.15, 0.88; P = 0.16; I² = 87%) and quadriceps muscle strength (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI, − 0.06, 0.27; P = 0.20; I² = 25%) compared with the control. In conclusion, NS may be an effective treatment for improving body composition and physical performance in COPD. Future studies should explore the effects of intervention durations, specific NS types, or combined training in patients with COPD and sarcopenia.

Purpose: Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder with obesity as a notable risk factor. This study aimed to investigate an under-researched area of the association between migraine duration and body composition. Patients and Methods: Patients with migraine from a neurology outpatient department were enrolled and were categorized into four groups based on illness duration: 1 year, 1– 5 years, 5– 10 years, and > 10 years. Patient demographics, blood biochemistry, and body composition data were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: Patients with migraine were predominantly female, with lower education levels, significant work stress, poor sleep, and limited exercise. Longer migraine duration corresponded to increased obesity metrics. Notably, those patients with under 1 year of illness showed elevated blood lipid and liver function levels, whereas those with > 10 years showed increased weight, waist circumference, body mass index, and fat content, despite higher physical activity. Significant positive correlation between obesity metrics and migraine duration was seen in patients who had migraine for > 1 year. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that protracted episodes of migraine could amplify obesity tendencies, underscoring the imperative of weight regulation in migraine intervention to diminish ensuing adiposity-associated hazards.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by high-energy metabolism, often leads to malnutrition and is linked to exacerbations. This study investigates the association of malnutrition-related body composition and handgrip strength changes with exacerbation frequencies in COPD patients. Methods: We analyzed 77 acute exacerbation COPD (AECOPD) patients and 82 stable COPD patients, categorized as frequent and infrequent exacerbators. Assessments included body composition, handgrip strength, nutritional risk, dyspnea scale, and COPD assessment. Results: Among AECOPD patients, there were 22 infrequent and 55 frequent exacerbators. Infrequent exacerbators showed better muscle parameters, extracellular water ratio, phase angle, and handgrip strength. Significant differences in intracellular water, total cellular water, protein, and body cell mass were observed between groups. Logistic regression indicated that extracellular water ratio (OR = 1.086) and phase angle (OR = 0.396) were independently associated with exacerbation risk. Thresholds for exacerbation risk were identified as 0.393 for extracellular water ratio and 4.85° for phase angle. In stable COPD, 13 frequent and 69 infrequent exacerbators were compared, showing no significant differences in weight, muscle, and adipose parameters, but significant differences in extracellular water ratio, phase angle, and handgrip strength. Conclusions: These findings suggest that increased exacerbations in COPD patients correlate with higher extracellular water ratios and lower phase angles.