Aims/Introduction: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification pattern that activates gene transcription. However, the genome‐wide histone H3 acetylation in new‐onset type 1 diabetes patients has not been well described. Accordingly, we aimed to unveil the genome‐wide promoter acetylation profile in CD4⁺ T lymphocytes from type 1 diabetes patients, especially for those who are glutamate decarboxylase antibody‐positive.Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with new‐onset type 1 diabetes who were glutamate decarboxylase antibody‐positive were enrolled, and 12 healthy individuals were recruited as controls. The global histone H3 acetylation level of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes from peripheral blood was detected by western blot, with chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to microarrays to characterize the promoter acetylation profile. Furthermore, we validated the results of particular genes from chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to microarrays by using chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and analyzed the transcription level by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results: Elevated global histone H3 acetylation level was observed in type 1 diabetes patients, with 607 differentially acetylated genes identified between type 1 diabetes patients and controls by chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to microarrays. The hyperacetylated genes were enriched in biological processes involved in immune cell activation and inflammatory response. Gene‐specific assessments showed that increased transcription of inducible T‐cell costimulator was in concordance with the elevated acetylation in its gene promoter, along with positive correlation with glutamate decarboxylase antibody titer in type 1 diabetes patients.Conclusions: The present study generates a genome‐wide histone acetylation profile specific to CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes patients who are glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody‐positive, which is instrumental in improving our understanding of the epigenetic involvement in autoimmune diabetes.

Chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) provide a niche for microbial colonization, where complex polymicrobial infections involving Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi occur and impair wound healing through biofilm formation.

Background: The relationship between the systemic immune–inflammatory index (SII) and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with diabetes or prediabetes remains uncertain. This study investigated the association between baseline SII and all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in American adults with CVD and diabetes or prediabetes.Methods: Our survey included 4,060 adults with cardiovascular disease and diabetes or prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2020). Using restricted cubic splines (RCS) based on Cox regression models and a two‐piecewise Cox proportional hazards model for both sides of the inflection point, we elucidated the nonlinear relationship between baseline SII and mortality. Mediation analysis was used to explore the indirect impact of SII on mortality through eGFR.Results: In the median 129 months of follow‐up, 620 people died from cardiovascular causes and 1,800 from all causes. In the CVD population with diabetes or prediabetes, SII showed a U‐shaped relationship with all‐cause mortality. The association between SII and CVD mortality was nonlinear and J‐shaped. Stratified and interaction analysis confirmed the stability of the core results. Notably, eGFR partially mediated the association between SII and both all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality by 9.4% and 6.9%, respectively.Conclusions: SII revealed a U‐shaped relationship with all‐cause mortality (inflection point: lnSII = 6) and a J‐shaped association with CVD mortality (inflection point: lnSII = 5.73) in CVD patients with diabetes or prediabetes among American patients. Thus, assessing the SII index may offer valuable insights into risk assessment and prognosis in patients with CVD who are diabetic or prediabetic.

Objective: To investigate the potential prognostic value of mean blood glucose (MBG) in hospital for prognosis of COVID-19 adult patients in the intensive unit care unit (ICU). Methods: A single-site and retrospective study enrolled 107 patients diagnosed as COVID-19 from department of critical care medicine in the Second Xiangya Hospital between October 2022 and June 2023. Demographic information including glucose during ICU hospitalization, comorbidity, clinical data, types of medications and treatment, and clinical outcome were collected. The multivariate logistic and cox regression was used to explore the relationship between blood glucose changes and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 during ICU stay. Results: In total, 107 adult patients confirmed with COVID-19 were included. Multivariate logistic regression results showed an increase in MBG was associated with ICU mortality rate. Compared with normal glucose group (MBG <= 7.8 mmol/L), the risk of ICU mortality, 7-day mortality and 28-day mortality from COVID-19 were significantly increased in high glucose group (MBG > 7.8mmol/L). Conclusion: MBG level during ICU hospitalization was strongly correlated to all-cause mortality and co-infection in COVID-19 patients. These findings further emphasize the importance of overall glucose management in severe cases of COVID-19.