Since December 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a pandemic and advocate for the widespread use of face masks to mitigate transmission. In this review, we delve into the potential impact of prolonged face mask use on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) health, an area that has garnered limited attention amidst COVID-19 research. Research has revealed that improper mask fit and constant readjustment can lead to TMJ abnormalities. Similarly, there is a demonstrated correlation between continuous mask usage and an increased incidence of headaches, temporomandibular pain, and diminished quality of life. Many studies have highlighted discomfort in the preauricular area, headaches, TMJ noises, headache, jaw pain, and muscle fatigue, as well as dermatological disorders, which have been attributed to prolonged mask wear and its impact on TMJ health. Our study catalyzes future research endeavors, urging a deeper exploration of the implications of long-term mask wear, not only in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic but also among occupational groups regularly exposed to extended mask use. By unraveling the complexities of TMJ health in the face of evolving preventive measures, we aim to enhance our understanding of this issue and safeguard the well-being of mask-wearers worldwide.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is an increasingly recognized condition that influences immune responses. It may be linked to atopic disorders such as bronchial asthma (BA), food allergies (FA), chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). The aim of our study was to perform a structured literature search to assess the possible correlation between SIBO and the presentation of atopic disorders. The prevalence of SIBO was highest in patients with BA (60–100%) and FA (50–87.5%), followed by MCAS (30.9%) and CSU (27.9%). The diagnosis of SIBO was based on lactulose or glucose breath tests. SIBO exacerbated symptoms of atopic diseases, and treating it within BA and MCAS improved the symptoms, in contrast to CSU. The present evidence suggests a possible crosslink between SIBO and atopic manifestations. Bacterial overgrowth appears to trigger the Th2 immune response via the mucosal pathway and low-grade endotoxemia. These result in the increased synthesis of interleukins involved in allergic reactions (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13). Further studies are essential to confirm the clinical significance of this association. The “gut–allergy axis” may offer new therapeutic options and possibly improve quality of life in patients with atopy.

Background: Hypersensitivity reactions to benzodiazepines, although uncommon, represent a clinically relevant issue in perioperative practice. Benzodiazepines are widely used medications with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties. The objective of this review is to synthesize current knowledge on benzodiazepine hypersensitivity, focusing on underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic considerations, and strategies for management and prevention in the perioperative setting. Methodology: A narrative synthesis of the current literature on hypersensitivity reactions to benzodiazepines was performed. The review included published case reports, case series, and clinical studies describing hypersensitivity reactions, their clinical presentation, and diagnostic approaches. Particular attention was given to both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms, reported clinical phenotypes, and issues relevant to perioperative patient safety. Results: The extant evidence suggests that benzodiazepine hypersensitivity may involve both immunological and non-immunological pathways. The spectrum of reported reactions encompasses mild cutaneous manifestations and severe systemic responses, although the incidence remains low. This review highlights diagnostic challenges related to variable clinical presentation and the limited availability of standardized testing methods. Conclusions: Although cases of benzodiazepine hypersensitivity are uncommon, awareness of potential reactions is critical for ensuring safe clinical practice. This review emphasizes the necessity for additional research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, standardize the diagnostic criteria, and formulate management protocols.

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 virus has rapidly spread worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a pandemic and advocate for the widespread use of face masks to mitigate transmission. In this review, we delve into the potential impact of prolonged face mask use on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) health, an area that has garnered limited attention amidst COVID-19 research. Research has revealed that improper mask fit, and constant readjustment can lead to TMJ abnormalities. Similarly, there is a demonstrated correlation between continuous mask usage and increased incidence of headaches, temporomandibular pain, and diminished quality of life. Many studies have highlighted discomfort in the preauricular area, headaches, TMJ noises, headache, jaw pain, and muscle fatigue, as well as dermatological disorders that have been attributed to prolonged mask wear and its impact on TMJ. Our study catalyzes future research endeavors, urging a deeper exploration of the implications of long-term mask wear, not only in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic but also among occupational groups regularly exposed to extended mask use. By unraveling the complexities of TMJ health in the face of evolving preventive measures, we aim to enhance our understanding and safeguard the well-being of mask-wearers worldwide.

Ocular diseases are a significant public health problem worldwide and represent one of the leading causes of disability. The prevalence of visual impairment is steadily increasing, largely driven by the ageing population. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative processes underlie the pathogenesis of many eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts, contributing to progressive vision loss and functional impairment. Carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin exhibit multidirectional biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. These compounds are selectively accumulated in the tissues of the eye, especially in the retina and macula, where they neutralise reactive oxygen species, modulate inflammatory pathways, stabilise mitochondrial function and support the survival and function of retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors. The aim of our review was to provide a comprehensive review of current data regarding the mechanisms of action of carotenoids and their potential clinical significance in the prevention and treatment of retinal, optic nerve, lens, and eye surface diseases, including dry eye syndrome and Meibomian gland dysfunction. We identified results of available experimental and clinical research and outlined that an adequate supply of carotenoids in the diet or in the form of supplementation may support the protection of eye structures against oxidative and inflammatory damage, improve visual performance and potentially slow disease progression. However, high-quality prospective clinical trials are necessary to conclusively assess their therapeutic efficacy and establish evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.