Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from various cells and mediate intercellular communication, altering the behavior or fate of recipient cells. They carry diverse macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Environmental stressors can change the exosomal contents of many cells, making them useful for diagnosing many chronic disorders, especially neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic diseases. Moreover, exosomes can be engineered as therapeutic agents to modulate disease processes. State-of-art techniques are employed to separate exosomes including ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography and immunoaffinity. However, modern technologies such as aqueous two-phase system as well as microfluidics are gaining attention in the recent years. The article highlighted the composition, biogenesis, and implications of exosomes, as well as the standard and novel methods for isolating them and applying them as biomarkers and therapeutic cargo carriers.

Mangiferin, a naturally occurring C-glucosylxanthone derived from various parts of the mango tree (Mangifera indica), has gained significant attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activities. This mini-review provides an updated overview of the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and medicinal properties of mangiferin. However, the low solubility (0.111 mg/mL) and oral bioavailability (less than 2%) of mangiferin pose significant challenges for its clinical application. To address these issues, the development of nanoformulations such as nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes has been explored, which was proven to improve mangiferin’s solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. These nanocarriers enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of mangiferin, making it a promising candidate for various therapeutic applications. The review ends with the discussion of the safety of mangiferin and its formulations in addition to the potential for clinical translation.

In 2022, the global prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) was estimated to be at least 150 million cases. This number is greatly suspected to be underestimate as most men withhold information about ED. Also, about 15% of world population have infertility troubles, and male factors are responsible for almost half of these cases. Studies have shown that the quality of semen has decreased in the past several decades owing to various health factors and environmental toxicants. The current medical interventions involve the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 which suffer from serious side effects and costly. One of the popular and most sought interventions are the natural and nutritional remedies as they are foods in essence and potentially with no harm to the body. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide a review of the most common nutritional aphrodisiacs with increasing libido and fertility highlighting the potential active constituents as well as the underlying mechanisms.