Resumen. El psílido asiático de los cítricos (PAC; Diaphorina citri) es la plaga más importante que afecta a la lima mexicanao (Citrus aurantifolia) en el trópico seco de México y es el vector de la enfermedad del Huanglongbing. Su control se basa en el uso de insecticidas sintéticos. La búsqueda de alternativas sustentables y eficaces es una prioridad en el manejo del PAC. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de diferentes tipos de aceites y extractos de plantas en el control de ninfas del PAC en el estado de Colima, México. Las pruebas fueron conducidas en árboles de lima mexicana y plantas de vivero infestadas con la plaga. Se realizó una aplicación foliar de cada tratamiento sobre brotes vegetativos de 5 a 7 días de edad. Las evaluaciones del número de ninfas vivas se hicieron antes y después de la aplicación de los aceites y los extractos de plantas. En la primera prueba, el aceite parafínico (99% de residuos no sulfonados) a concentraciones de 1, 2, y 3%, redujeron la población del PAC entre un 77 a... The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP; Diaphorina citri) is the most important pest affecting Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) in the dry tropics of Mexico, and is the vector of huanglongbing disease. Its control is based on synthetic insecticides. The search for sustainable and effective alternatives is a priority in the management of ACP. In this study, the effect of different kinds of oils and plant extracts were evaluated to control ACP nymphs in Colima, Mexico. The tests were conducted on mature Mexican lime trees and nursery plants infested with the pest. One foliar application of each treatment was done to tagged 5-7 d shoots. Paraffinic oil (99% of unsulfonated residues) at 1, 2, and 3%, reduced the ACP population between 77 to 98% as compared with the untreated control. Different paraffinic oils, cooking oils, and citrus oil maintained a low infestation of ACP compared to the control. Also, neem, garlic, and onion extracts showed a significant reduction of ACP nymphs. Jatropha curcas seed oil...

El Huanglongbing (HLB, término de origen chino), enfermedad muy destructiva que afecta a los cítricos, ha disminuido la rentabilidad del limón en muchos países citrícolas. En México, el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) generó un paquete tecnológico que contribuye al control del vector de la enfermedad y, mediante un adecuado manejo técnico, mantiene el vigor de los árboles infectados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la rentabilidad, competitividad y eficiencia productiva del limón mexicano, en cultivos con convivencia con el HLB en Colima, a través de un análisis comparativo entre el paquete tecnológico tradicional y el del INIFAP. Se aplicó la Matriz de Análisis de Política (MAP). La información se obtuvo de registros de huertas experimentales y se complementó con 40 encuestas a agricultores con huertas coexistiendo con HLB: 20 a usuarios del paquete INIFAP y 20 del paquete tradicional. Ambas tecnologías fueron rentables, con la tradicional se obtuvo 95 % de ganancia y con el paquete INIFAP fue de 115 %. La RCP (relación de costo privado) del paquete INIFAP (0.36) indicó mayor competitividad comparada con el paquete tradicional (0.44). La cosecha de limón fue rentable y competitiva, aunque se evidenció la desprotección de las políticas económicas a los sistemas de producción locales. La adopción del paquete tecnológico de INIFAP mitigó la afectación de HLB y mejoró el rendimiento en la región de estudio.

Huanglongbing (HLB) vectored by Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) severely affects commercial plantations of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) in the dry tropic region of Mexico. Management of Huanglongbing is based on intensive use of agronomic practices such as irrigation, nutrition, pruning, and weed, insect pest, and disease control. During 2018 to 2022, the effect of black, white, aluminum, and green plastic mulches, a white polypropylene mesh (ground cover), and bare soil (traditional system), were evaluated on D. citri and incidence-severity (I-S) of Huanglongbing, and Mexican lime yields. Trees with all types of plastic mulch had less I-S during the first 13 months of the study (35 to 40% of affected foliage) compared to bare soil (74% of tree affected). Also, plots with plastic mulches had fewer Asian citrus psyllid adults (one to 16 insects/trap/week) as compared with bare soil (11 to 28 adults). Mulched treatments had a positive effect on fruit production. After 4 years, plots with white, aluminum, green, and black plastic yielded 41.6, 40.1, 39.6, and 34.9 t/ha. Bare soil yielded only 26.6 t/ha. The cost to install plastic mulches was $526/ha. Because of that, the plastics increased yields by 50-56% and the average price of Mexican lime fruit was about $600 per ton. This production system is an economically profitable alternative to the growers to coexist with Huanglongbing in the dry tropics of Mexico.

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) represent the fourth most important crop in the world. In 2017, an area of 5,637,508 hectares and a production of 153 million tons were reported. Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is considered one of the most destructive diseases of bananas and plantains worldwide. The pathogen Foc causes a typical wilt syndrome on infected plants, it has a saprophytic and parasitic phase in its life cycle. Fusarium wilt is a “polycyclic” disease. This pathogen shows a relatively diverse population genetic structure for a fungus apparently of asexual reproduction and is composed of different evolutionary lineages, which has 24 groups of vegetative compatibility (VCGs), two clades and nine clonal linage. Foc is a genetically diverse pathogen, although the available evidence so far indicates that it does not use the mechanisms of sexual reproduction, such as recombination, to increase its genetic diversity. Furthermore, the population of this fungus in Southeast Asia shows a high degree of variation, suggesting that Foc lineages evolved together with their hosts in Southeast Asia. Alternatively, it has been suggested that Foc has multiple independent evolutionary origins, both within and outside of the Musaceae origin center.