Lyophyllum plays an important role in the natural ecosystem and has significant economic value. Some species of this genus have been cultivated in Asia, America, and Europe. This study describes four edible species of Lyophyllum, two of which were newly discovered. Lyophyllum edulis has a dark grayish orange pileus, a grayish orange upper part of the stipe, and globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, while L. sinense has a dark gray-orange when injured pileus, dark grayish orange points and lines on the stipe surface, and quadrangular to broadly fusiform basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal RNA (ITS), the large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) indicated that L. edulis is related to L. shimeji, L. heimogu, and L. decastes, and L. sinense has an affinity to L. bulborhizum and L. nigrum. We also summarize the cultivation techniques of the two edible species, L. shimeji and L. decastes.

As symbiotic mycorrhizal associates, species within the genus Laccaria play pivotal roles in forest ecosystems, specifically forming ectomycorrhizal relationships with the root systems of various plants. Some Laccaria species are recognized for their edibility, holding potential as a sustainable food source in the context of future food security and dietary diversification. In this study, the species diversity of Laccaria in Yunnan was investigated, and four novel species were identified. Their taxonomical positions and phylogenetic affinities were confirmed through phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data. Macro- and micro-morphological characteristics of the new species are also given here. Laccaria brownii sp. nov. has a dark to slightly desaturated orange pileus, stipe context broadly fistulose and soft orange, and relatively smaller cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. Laccaria orangei sp. nov. has a hemispherical to paraboloid pileus, abundant narrowly clavate, flexuose, and branched cheilocystidia. Laccaria ruber sp. nov. pileus is red on the margin, clearly striate on the pileus surface, basidia clavate, mostly four-spored, rarely two-spored. Laccaria stipalba sp. nov. stipe surface is white, long sterigmata (4–13 μm × 2–3 μm), pleurocystidia narrowly clavate to subclavate, flexuose or mucronate, rarely branch. The descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the new taxa are provided. In addition, the new taxa are compared with closely related taxa.

Sanguinoderma (Ganodermataceae) is an economically significant genus with notable medicinal value. A key diagnostic characteristic is the reddening of pores upon bruising. The genus is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, where it grows on the surface of humus or decaying tree trunks. In this study, during a survey of macrofungi in southwestern China, seven Sanguinoderma specimens were collected. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis combined with six-loci of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), and nuclear small subunit (nSSU), three new species of Sanguinoderma are identified and introduced: Sanguinoderma aurantiacus, S. bambusae, and S. niger. Sanguinoderma aurantiacus is characterized by a glabrous pileus with alternating concentric zones that range from black to dark orange; margins are dark red, acute, wavy, and slightly incurved when dry; the pileus context is thin, light grayish, and corky; and basidiospores are ellipsoid to subglobose ((10.0–13.5) × (8.9–10.9) μm). Sanguinoderma bambusae grows on the forest floor in bamboo forests; it has an oval to subcircular, glabrous pileus with a lacerated margin resembling sparse petals; the pores are small (6–9 per mm) and oval to circular; and basidiospores are broadly ellipsoid ((10.1–14.4) × (8.6–11.6) µm). Sanguinoderma niger is characterized by a black to dark grayish orange pileus, and its context is soft and corky, turning grayish orange when dry. Cystidia are oblong to ovoid, and basidiospores are subglobose to globose ((8.9–12.6) × (8.0–10.0) µm). This study has enriched the diversity of the Sanguinoderma species.

More specimens ofHydnotryahave been collected from southwestern China in recent years. Morphological and molecular analyses showed that they belonged to three species ofHydnotrya, of which two are new to science,H. oblongisporaandH. zayuensis. The third one wasH. laojunshanensis, previously reported in 2013. The new species are described, and their relationship to other species ofHydnotryais discussed.H. laojunshanensisis re-described in more detail. The main morphological characters of 17 species ofHydnotryaare compared and a key to them is provided as well.

Three new species of Tuber, T. albicavum, T. laojunshanense, and T. umbilicicavatum belonging to the Puberulum phylogroup, are described based on specimens collected in alpine Abies forests at 3600–4000 m, Northwest Yunnan, China. T. albicavum is distinguished by its ascomata with a single chamber of 0.5–1.8 cm diameter, with an apical opening of 0.2–0.6 cm in diameter, and light golden-brown alveolate reticulate ascospores up to 30 μm in length; T. laojunshanense is characterized by having ascomata with a slightly tomentose surface, sometimes with a white navel, a relatively thick peridium, up to 280 µm, and yellow-brown spores with alveolate reticulate ornamentation, up to 34 µm in length; T. umbilicicavatum is characterized by smooth ascomata with a distinct white navel, a relatively thin peridium, up to 110 µm, and golden or golden-brown alveolate reticulate ascospores, up to 40 μm in length. The molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region also supports that these three new species differ from previously described Tuber species.

The genus Cudonia in the family Cudoniaceae is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and has a limited distribution in subtropical regions. A key characteristic of this genus is its ascocarps, which are typically rounded and club-shaped. This study introduces a novel species and a known species of Cudonia from Yunnan, China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis using rDNA of internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The new species Cudonia cangshanensis, is characterized by its stipe long clavate, slightly swollen at the base, clearly striated longitudinally at the upper part, the hymenium is relatively thick, ascospores are relatively large. Additionally, a new collection of Cudonia gracilistipitata from Dali Autonomous Prefecture is reported as well. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the new species are provided.