Background: Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a feature of heart failure (HF). Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in patients with HF associated with exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. Intravenous iron in iron deficient patients with HF has attenuated HF symptoms, however the pathomechanisms remain unclear. The aim of study was to assess whether intravenous iron supplementation as compared to placebo improves energy metabolism of skeletal muscles in patients with HF. Methods: Men with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and ID were randomised in 1:1 ratio to either intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (IV FCM) or placebo. In vivo reduction of lactates by exercising skeletal muscles of forearm was analyzed. A change in lactate production between week 0 and 24 was considered as a primary endpoint of the study. Results: There were two study arms: the placebo and the IV FCM (12 and 11 male patients with HFrEF). At baseline, there were no differences between these two study arms. IV FCM therapy as compared to placebo reduced the exertional production of lactates in exercising skeletal muscles. These effects were accompanied by a significant increase in both serum ferritin and transferrin saturation in the IV FCM arm which was not demonstrated in the placebo arm. Conclusions: Intravenous iron supplementation in iron deficient men with HFrEF improves the functioning of skeletal muscles via an improvement in energy metabolism in exercising skeletal muscles, limiting the contribution of anaerobic reactions generating ATP as reflected by a lower in vivo lactate production in exercising muscles in patients with repleted iron stores. Background: Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a feature of heart failure (HF). Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in patients with HF associated with exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. Intravenous iron in iron deficient patients with HF has attenuated HF symptoms, however the pathomechanisms remain unclear. The aim of study was to assess whether intravenous iron supplementation as compared to placebo improves energy metabolism of skeletal muscles in patients with HF. Methods: Men with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and ID were randomised in 1:1 ratio to either intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (IV FCM) or placebo. In vivo reduction of lactates by exercising skeletal muscles of forearm was analyzed. A change in lactate production between week 0 and 24 was considered as a primary endpoint of the study. Results: There were two study arms: the placebo and the IV FCM (12 and 11 male patients with HFrEF). At baseline, there were no differences between these two study arms. IV FCM therapy as compared to placebo reduced the exertional production of lactates in exercising skeletal muscles. These effects were accompanied by a significant increase in both serum ferritin and transferrin saturation in the IV FCM arm which was not demonstrated in the placebo arm. Conclusions: Intravenous iron supplementation in iron deficient men with HFrEF improves the functioning of skeletal muscles via an improvement in energy metabolism in exercising skeletal muscles, limiting the contribution of anaerobic reactions generating ATP as reflected by a lower in vivo lactate production in exercising muscles in patients with repleted iron stores.

Background: The growing population of the elderly is accompanied by an increase in the number of people with frailty syndrome. Apart from advanced age, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is also one of the agents favorable to frailty that is a factor aggravating the disease prognosis. However, it is worth noting that this is an agent changeable by, i.a., movement rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) based on comprehensiveness, early implementation, and multiplicity is standard intervention in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In cardiac patients with accompanying frailty or pre-frailty syndrome, it is worth making efforts to upgrade the CR program. Methods: Studies on the effect of cardiac rehabilitation or its modifications on the level of frailty of patients with cardiovascular disease were analyzed. Results: Training programs based on endurance training should be supplemented by resistance, balance, mobility, and respiratory exercises. Furthermore, it is important to educate patients about the need to increase daily physical activity. This review presents different approaches to CR (traditional CR, multicomponent training, training with a HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb), and prehabilitation) and their impact on frailty score. Summary: Early implemented and comprehensive rehabilitation allows for the improvement of the clinical state and for a decrease in overall frailty. It also guarantees safety during everyday activities. It is crucial for the fitness of the elderly to encourage them to increase daily physical activity and to exercises at home.

Background: Heart failure (HF) patients experience reduced functional fitness level (determining the performance of routine, daily activities) and diminished exercise capacity (linked to more effortful activities). Aim: The aim of the study is to assess this relationship using functional fitness tests compared to peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in the context of exercise capacity and ventilatory response to exercise. Methods: A total of 382 men with stable HFrEF (age: 61 ± 10, NYHA class I/II/III/IV: 16/50/32/2%, LVEF: 30.5 ± 8.3%) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) and a Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Afterwards, the patients were divided according to the 2capacity with peak VO2 ≥ 18 mL/kg/min, those with higher or lower ventilatory responses (VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 35 vs. <35) to the exercise were compared. Results: Patients who covered shorter distances in the 6 min walking test showed worse results in the functional tests (‘stand up and go’, ‘chair stand’ and ‘arm curl’) and CPX (lower peak VO2, shorter exercise time and higher VE/VCO2 slope). Subjects classified into Class D demonstrated the worst results in all elements of SFT; those in Class A demonstrated the best results. Significant differences that were analogous occurred also between classes B and C. Among the participants who reached peak VO2 ≥ 18 mL/kg/min (n = 170), those with VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 35 were characterized by worse physical fitness as compared to those with VE/VCO2 < 35. Conclusion: Reduced exercise tolerance led to worsening physical function in patients with HFrEF. Moreover, limitations in physical fitness seem to be distinctive for those patients showing excessive ventilatory response to exercise slope VE/VCO2 (≥35). The Senior Fitness Test may be considered as a useful tool for assessing comprehensive functional and clinical status and risk stratification in patients with HFrEF, especially those with extremely low exercise capacity.

Background/Objectives: Quality of life (QoL) is recognized as a clinically significant outcome measure among patients with aortic stenosis (AS). However, there is no validated, AS-specific questionnaire available in Poland for assessing the QoL in AS patients. The aim of the study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Toronto Aortic Stenosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (the TASQ). Methods: The study involved 113 patients with severe AS (including 59 women), aged 74 to 82 years [mean age 77 years], hospitalized at the department of cardiology in 2024. The standardized questionnaires were used to assess the level of QoL, the TASQ, and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (the MLHFQ). Results: The mean QoL level assessed by the TASQ was 60.72 ± 22.82. The Cronbach’s alpha for the entire TASQ was 0.919, for the emotional impact subscale 0.873, and for the physical limitation subscale 0.861. Satisfactory values of fit measures were obtained for a five-factor structure (RMSEA < 0.01; CFI > 0.99). The loadings of each item were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The MLHFQ score correlated significantly (p < 0.001) and positively (r > 0) with the score on the scales of physical symptoms (r = 0.479), physical limitations (r = 0.662), social limitations (r = 0.597), emotional impact (r = 0.638), and overall QoL (r = 0.712). Conclusions: Patients with severe AS exhibit low QoL. The TASQ has very good psychometric properties and can be used to assess the QoL in the population of Polish patients with AS.

Background. The complex clinical status of modern day patients hospitalized due to acute heart failure (AHF) results from their advanced age, comorbidities, frailty, heart failure symptoms (including massive swelling of the lower limb), and dramatic reduction of exercise tolerance. Hence, there is a need to implement physiotherapeutic procedures as early as possible, aiming to both accelerate the restoration of clinical stabilization and prevent post-hospital disability. Objectives. We investigated whether assisted lower limb exercises have an impact on perfusion and oxygenation in skeletal muscle and if they are feasible in patients with AHF. Materials and methods. We examined 34 men (age: 66 +/- 11 years; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 34 +/- 11%; clinical presentation: 31 wet-warm and 3 wet-cold). The intervention (carried out on the 2nd day of hospitalization) included: 1) a 3-minute rest period; 2) an exercise phase (45 repetitions of assisted flexion and extension of the lower limb; and 3) a 10-minute relaxation period. We analyzed blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), tissue oxygenation (reflected by oxygen saturation measured with a pulse oximeter), and changes in peripheral tissue perfusion (reflected by the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)). Results. The hemodynamic parameters (both Delta HR and Delta systolic BP) and oxygen saturation did not change (all p > 0.05), whereas the RR declined (p < 0.001). The exercises improved venous outflow (reflected by decreased oxygenated, deoxygenated and total hemoglobin, all p < 0.05) and increased peripheral tissue perfusion, as reflected by the TOI (p < 0.05). The patients reported relief and lack of dyspnea during and after the assisted exercises. Conclusions. The physiotherapeutic intervention improved both venous outflow and muscle oxygenation in men with AHF. The presented protocol was safe, feasible and well-tolerated, and resulted in relief for the patients. We believe that such procedures might be recommended for the initial period of rehabilitation in this challenging subgroup of patients.

Acute heart failure (AHF) causes abrupt hemodynamic disturbances, including reduced forward flow and venous congestion, which may extend beyond the heart and contribute to peripheral organ stress. Skeletal muscle may be particularly vulnerable to these changes, but the relationship between acute hemodynamic status and circulating markers of skeletal muscle stress and regulation remains unclear. We prospectively enrolled 35 men hospitalized with AHF and non-invasively assessed their cardiac index (CI) by impedance cardiography and right atrial pressure (RAP) by echocardiography. Plasma carbonic anhydrase III (CA3), creatine kinase-MM (CK-MM), lactate, myostatin, and follistatin were measured at admission, discharge, and 30 days after discharge. Patients were analyzed according to low CI, defined as CI < 2.2 L·min⁻¹·m⁻²; elevated RAP, defined as RAP ≥ 8 mmHg; and combined CI/RAP profiles. CA3 and CK-MM were higher in patients with low CI or elevated RAP and were highest in the low-CI/elevated-RAP profile. CA3 and lactate did not significantly change during follow-up, whereas CK-MM modestly increased at 30 days. Myostatin and follistatin were highest at admission and decreased after clinical stabilization. In this pilot cohort of men hospitalized with AHF, estimated lower perfusion and greater venous congestion were associated with higher circulating markers of skeletal muscle stress, while muscle regulatory myokines declined after stabilization. These findings suggest that skeletal muscle-related biomarkers may reflect peripheral consequences of acute hemodynamic disturbance in AHF and warrant further investigation in larger cohorts.