Salvia guaranitica is considered one of the most significant medicinal and aromatic herbs in terms of nutritional and medical benefits due to its wealth of important active components. Among these compounds, terpenoids are the most prominent and abundant, particularly monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), and diterpenes (C20). They are biologically advantageous to plants and perform a multitude of functions. The current study aimed to clone the S. guaranitica gene that encodes for geranyllinalool synthases (SgGES, EC: 4.2.3.144), with consideration for these features. The open reading frame of the 867-amino-acid protein encoded by SgGES consists of 2.721 base pairs. In addition, the SgGES protein has five domains that belong to the terpene synthase family, which are related to the terpene and terpenoid synthase domains. We manipulated and overexpressed the SgGES gene in Nicotiana tabacum to explore its function. When compared to the GUS control, the transgenic N. tabacum plants displayed an increase in leaf production and diameter when compared with the wild-type plants. Finally, analysis of transgenic plants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that SgGES is responsible for producing various terpene species, especially diterpenes.

Two chemical mutagens sodium azid (SA) and hydrazine hydrate (HZ) were used to induce genetic variability for improving some morphological and agronomical traits in three bread wheat genotypes namely, Sids1, Sids12 and Giza168. Some mutations were selected in M1 generation plants i.e., three for Sids1 variety )S1 29, S1 49, and S1 75), four for Sids12 variety i.e., (S12 116, S12 161, S12 168 and Sids12 177) and one for Giza168 (G168 202). Selected genotypes were grown in field experiment to obtain M2 generation. Results showed that most agronomical traits were significantly increased in M2 than M1 generation plants. The highest values in selected mutated plants for 100 grain weight were 6.31 gm for S12 161 plant, 5.79 gm for G168 202 plant and 5.55 gm for S1 29 plant. Genetic variation in M2 plants were used of evaluated by SSR molecular markers. The results showed representable the variation between treated genotypes and untreated (control) for all studied traits.