Hospital buildings provide healthcare services at the costs of significant amounts of energy consumption and carbon emissions, further exacerbating the environmental load. Because of the limited research on the life cycle carbon emissions of Chinese hospitals, this study conducted a detailed carbon-accounting and comparative study. Firstly, BIM and LCA were used to quantify the carbon emissions of the inpatient building in each stage of the life cycle. Secondly, the differences in carbon emissions by stage were compared on the basis of 20 cases of public buildings. The results show that the whole-life carbon emissions of the inpatient building was 10,459.94 kgCO₂/m². The proportion of operational carbon emissions was 94.68%, with HVAC (52.57%), equipment (27.85%), and lighting (10.11%) being the main sources. Embodied carbon emissions accounted for 4.54%, and HRB400 steel and C30 concrete were the main sources of carbon emissions. Hospitals are second only to emporiums in terms of operational carbon intensity, being 1.71 and 1.41 times that of schools and office buildings, with inpatient buildings being 3 and 1.7 times that of medical complexes and outpatient buildings, respectively. The future sustainable development of hospital buildings should promote efficient building performance and good environmental quality, both in terms of energy efficiency and carbon reduction.

The building sector contributes to 50.9 percent of China’s carbon emissions. Due to the complexity of the assessment process, it is difficult to predict the entire life cycle carbon emissions of a building at the early stage of design. In this study, a whole-life carbon emission estimation model for the early stage of building design is developed based on comparison of the standard calculations and an analysis of stock cases. Firstly, the standard calculation methods in China, Japan and Europe were compared, and the boundary of the model was defined in three parts: production, construction and demolition and operation. Second, information on 68 examples of Chinese buildings was collected and divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 7:3. In the training set, the relationship between carbon emissions and the design parameters was searched, and a carbon emission estimation model applicable to different stages was constructed. Finally, the model was applied to the test set for validation. The results show that the calculation error of the model is within ±15%, and it can quickly estimate carbon emissions based on the design factors, which is helpful for carbon emission assessment work in the early stages of design.

The preparation of antineoplastic drugs in pharmacy intravenous admixture services may generate hazardous particulate contaminants. However, the fluid-dynamic mechanisms governing their transport at the room scale remain difficult to predict. In this study, computational fluid dynamics, Lagrangian particle tracking, and Liutex-based vortex identification were employed to investigate airflow organization, vortex evolution, and particle transport in a hospital compounding room. At 42 ACH, the optimized S-3 configuration used 19.2% less ventilation airflow than the conventional S-6 configuration at 52 ACH. Nevertheless, S-3 achieved a comparable total contaminant removal index at 120 s (99.25% vs 99.17%). Compared with S-6, S-3 increased the proportion of regions with an air age below 60 s by 26.5% and air change efficiency by 48.5%. It also reduced the concentration distribution index by 51.2%. Liutex analysis showed that coherent vortices promoted particle retention and contaminant recirculation near occupied zones. Optimized vent placement weakened these structures and transformed contaminant transport from a recirculation-dominated mode into directional removal. These findings reveal the intrinsic linkage between airflow organization, vortex evolution, and contaminant transport and provide a mechanistic basis for contamination control and ventilation design in healthcare clean environments.